we're continuing with pantheons, and one that is likely to be a viewer favorite.

今天我們要來繼續看《眾神》這個題目。 今天的眾神神系應該是各位觀眾最喜歡的。

Bring on the ouzo,

先來點烏佐酒、

pour out some nectar,

再上些瓊漿玉液。

It's the Greeks!

我們要來談希臘眾神了！

Opa!!!

呼乾啦！

War,

戰爭、狩獵、冶金...

War, hunting,

還有化小事為大事的本事、

War, hunting, metallurgy,

還有假扮禽獸行禽獸之事。

War, hunting, metallurgy, the complete inability to deal reasonably with even the smallest bit of conflict...

最好的是，我們對希臘很熟。

and also, rape while disguised as an animal.

許多的希臘雕塑、繪畫、長篇大論、

And best of all we already know the Greeks from paintings and sculptures,

《諸神恩仇錄》系列電影。 （譯按：新版片名譯為《超世紀封神榜》）

and those really long books...

呼乾啦！

and the Clash of the Titans movies. And also--

〈速成班主題曲〉

OPA!!

《神話速成班》

(crash)

你可能在想：等等！

*Egyptian myth-facts*

我們在「創世神話」那段 不是就講過希臘眾神了嗎？

*Greek myth-facts*

沒錯！

*Indian myth-facts*

但是那是第一代的希臘眾神。

*Norse myth-facts*

在兩代神王朝被推翻了之後， 才輪到奧林匹斯眾神。

*So much myths, guys!*

但是在進入好玩、好吃、好幼稚的戰鬥之前， 我們先來定義幾個名詞。

You might be thinking: wait a minute...

之前我們談到 Pantheons （眾神） 就是一群的神。

Didn't we already talk about Greek gods in the episode on creation stories?

主要是因為我們這些書呆子喜歡掉書袋， 表示我們很懂希臘和拉丁文。

--And you're right, we did!

挖丟細國際拉丁文得主。

-And you're right, we did! But that was the FIRST set of Greek gods.

Pantheons 的意思是「全部的神」。

Two whole dynasties of divinities had to be overthrown before we get to the Olympians,

這一點其實挺奇怪的。

But before we get into all the sex, ambrosia and petty conflict, let's define some terms:

因為「神」這個詞有很多意思...

We've been talking about Pantheons as groups of gods,

而且其意義通常隨著神話的版本而改變，

mainly because us classics nerds like to show off our knowledge of Greek and Latin.

再加上「半神」，甚至有時候還會包含「英雄」。

National Latin Award Scholar right here,

我們這裡在討論的「神」是：

National Latin Award Scholar right here, folks.

「神聖、不死的存在。

Anyway-

新神的誕生 通常是由其他的神交合而生。

PANTHEON

不過偶爾會出現非典型的誕生方式。」

PANTHEON -means-

就像我們之前看過的： 阿佛洛狄忒的誕生以及

PANTHEON -means- ALL THE GODS

就像我們之前看過的： 阿佛洛狄忒的誕生以及蛋蛋的哀傷。

Which..

半神：「次要之神或是 神與凡人交合的後代。

Which.. is already a little weird.

通常具有不凡的能力， 有時候也能成為真正的神。」

There are many gods,

英雄：「超群的凡人，也就是說他們並非不死之身， 但也有不凡的能力。

and they change based upon which versions of the myths you're studying.

有些英雄是神與凡人交合的後代，

And then there are demigods, and maybe even some heroes.

有些單純只是運氣好而已。」

Gods, as we are using the term,

就像... 就像明星一樣。

are divine immortal beings,

記不記得「地母」蓋婭和「天父」烏拉諾斯 以及他們的兒女泰坦巨神嗎？

usually created out of the sexual union between other immortal beings,

我們來複習一下。

or sometimes out of some unorthodox nativity--

這是第一代和第二代的希臘眾神。

--like we saw with Aphrodite..

因為克洛諾斯帶領著泰坦巨神推翻了烏拉諾斯，

--like we saw with Aphrodite.. and the

所以克洛諾斯很害怕他的子女 也會跟他一樣推翻自己，就把他們全吃掉。

--like we saw with Aphrodite.. and the bloody

結果沒用。

--like we saw with Aphrodite.. and the bloody testicle foam.

槓龜了...

Demigods are minor deities or the offspring of gods and mortals.

虎父無犬子，克洛諾斯和瑞亞的兒子， 宙斯也決定推翻了自己的老爸。

They usually have special powers and sometimes can become truly divine.

他和兄弟姊妹合力打敗了泰坦神， 成為第一代奧林匹斯神。

Heroes are exalted mortals, meaning they can die but they can also perform special feats on Earth.

開始點名了...

Sometimes they're the offspring of a god and a human,

赫斯提亞：克洛諾斯和瑞亞的長女， 爐灶與家宅的守護神。

sometimes they're just..

關於她的神話並不多，

sometimes they're just.. lucky.

但她卻是非常重要的家宅之神， 享用很多的祭品。

sometimes they're just.. lucky. You know, like pop stars.

「冥王」黑帝斯。 在第一集的珀耳塞福涅神話就有出場過，

Remember Gaia and Uranos and their offspring the Titans?

科瑞的母親「農業女神」狄蜜特， 是克洛諾斯和瑞亞的另一個女兒。

Let's refresh.

她掌控著小麥、無花果和橄欖的生產，

These are the first and second sets of Greek gods.

在古代的農耕社會裡是不得了的大事。

The titans were led by Kronos who overthrew Uranos,

波塞頓，在打敗泰坦巨神後，成為了「海王」。

and Kronos was so worried about his own children overthrowing him that he swallowed them.

他也是地震與馬匹之神，

That did not work out for him.

甚至還生出了一匹名馬： 「飛馬」珀伽索斯。

Whoops.

珀伽索斯的媽媽是...美杜莎。

Then, like father, like son, Zeus, son of Kronos and Rhea decided to overthrow his father.

因為「蛇髮魔女」

He and his siblings defeated the Titans and became the first Olympians.

為「蛇髮魔女」+「海王/馬匹愛好者」

Roll-call:

因為「蛇髮魔女」+「海王/馬匹愛好者」＝「飛馬」

Hestia, the first child of Kronos and Rhea, became the goddess of the hearth and home.

這個公式很...天馬行空。

She's not in many myths,

神的基因很奇妙。

but was an important household deity honored with many sacrifices.

宙斯是克洛諾斯和瑞亞最小的兒子。 卻後來居上，成為最重要的神。

Hades was the God of the underworld, who you'll remember from the story of Persephone from episode one.

他是天神、風暴之神， 而且掌握著雷電。

Kore's mother was Demeter, another child of Kronos and Rhea, and the goddess of agriculture.

不得不說，誰掌握了雷電，誰就能當老闆。

That's right. She has amazing powers over wheat, figs, and olives;

確實也是如此，儘管他是最年幼的奧林匹斯神， 他還是成了眾神之王。

kind of a big deal in an agrarian society.

不僅是因為他主導了與 泰坦巨神的戰爭，

Poseidon became the Lord of the Seas after the Titans' defeat.

也因為他是許多神和凡人的老爸。

He was associated with earthquakes and horses and was even the father of a famous one: Pegasus,

所以他可以憑著老爸的權柄到處指指點點吧？

Whose mother..

宙斯是另一代奧林匹斯神的父親，

Whose mother.. was Medusa.

他有許多的妻妾、小三

(Snake-Hair Lady)

還有很多...怎麼說... 可以說是一夜情的情人，

(Snake-Hair Lady) +

也可以說是...性侵受害者

(Snake-Hair Lady) + (Water-King/Horse-Lover)

宙斯的第一任妻子是墨提斯， 墨提斯算是泰坦巨神那一系的神。

(Snake-Hair Lady) + (Water-King/Horse-Lover) =

在古羅馬文中， 墨提斯 (Metis) 的意思是「技巧」或「機智」

(Snake-Hair Lady) + (Water-King/Horse-Lover) = (Magic Stallion)

而墨提斯也確實給了宙斯很多很好的建議。

(Snake-Hair Lady) + (Water-King/Horse-Lover) = (Magic Stallion) So, yeah...

但智慧的建言通常代表「忠言逆耳」...

(Snake-Hair Lady) + (Water-King/Horse-Lover) = (Magic Stallion) So, yeah... it checks out.

所以宙斯就把她吞了。

(Snake-Hair Lady) + (Water-King/Horse-Lover) = (Magic Stallion) So, yeah... it checks out. God

有一種說法認為墨提斯是雅典娜的母親， 不過沒有辦法證實，因為雅典娜她...

(Snake-Hair Lady) + (Water-King/Horse-Lover) = (Magic Stallion) So, yeah... it checks out. God DNA is weird.

呃...出生的方式很特別。

Zeus was the last of the Olympians born to Kronos and Rhea and became the most important:

其中一個雅典娜的出生神話裡， 宙斯忽然頭痛欲裂，

he's the sky god, controlling storms and wielding a thunderbolt!

所以找了她的兒子赫菲斯托斯幫忙治療。

Which, I think it's pretty fair to say,

因為那時候沒有「普拿疼」所以 赫菲斯托斯就直接...

Which, I think it's pretty fair to say, is a boss thing to wield

劈開了宙斯的頭。 （真的裂了）

--which makes sense, because he's also the patriarch of the Olympians,

雅典娜從宙斯的頭裡蹦出來。

despite being the youngest.

雅典娜：智慧女神、女戰神、手工藝之神， 尤其善於紡織。

He was the leader of the revolt over the titans plus

她出生時就穿著全副鎧甲。

he was the baby-daddy of so many gods and mortals;

她創造了橄欖樹， 又是雅典的守護神，

so he gets to wave his bolt around and tell everyone what to do, I guess.

所以我們現在才有酸豆橄欖醬。

Zeus was the father of the next generation of Olympians with a variety of wives, consorts and, depending upon

同時這也就是為什麼赫菲斯托斯

how you read it, numerous one-night stands..

同時這也就是為什麼赫菲斯托斯 不是

..or rape victims.

同時這也就是為什麼赫菲斯托斯 不是「醫藥之神」。

His first wife was Metis, who was from the Titans' generation.

宙斯的第二任妻子是狄蜜特， 他們生了科瑞。

An older woman, the word 'Metis' means 'skill,' or 'cunning.'

對面的女孩看過來...

and she was said to provide wise counsel to Zeus

記得嗎？因為「科瑞」就是「女孩」的意思。 （這是笑話好嗎？笑話！）

and because wise counselors often give advice that rulers don't want to hear,

只可惜這段婚姻也維持不久， 之後宙斯又娶了她的妹妹希拉。

Zeus swallowed her.

幸好這世上沒有「尷尬之神」。

It's possible that Metis is the mother of Athena, although it's hard to know because of how she was...

希拉是掌管「生育」之神。不過她的神話 通常都是跟宙斯之間的爭執。

um...

希拉與宙斯生了四個孩子：

um...born?

第一個孩子是「青春女神」希比， 同時也有為諸神的斟酒的職務。最後嫁給了海格力士。

According to one version of Athena's birth, Zeus had a terrible headache,

第二個是「分娩女神」艾利西雅。

and asked his son Hephaestus to help cure it.

最後兩個孩子：赫菲斯托斯和阿瑞斯 則常常在神話裡見到他們的身影。

Since this is pre-Motrin, Hephaestus literally

「火與工匠之神」赫菲斯托斯， 是個跛腳鐵匠。

Cracked open Zeus' skull..

阿瑞斯是「戰神」， 不過比較偏向暴力而不是謀略。

Cracked open Zeus' skull.. and out popped Athena,

他們兩個都對阿佛洛狄忒有意思...

a goddess of wisdom, war and the arts,

因為所有的人都對阿佛洛狄忒有意思。

a goddess of wisdom, war and the arts, especially spinning and weaving.

宙斯也有好幾個私生子成了奧林匹斯神。 例如：

She was wearing a full suit of armor, and Athena created the olive tree,

他與泰坦巨神的女兒勒托 生了雙胞胎阿波羅和阿提蜜絲。

so she's the patroness of Athens and why we now have tapenade.

阿波羅成了太陽神，以及音樂之神，

Incidentally, this is also why

又是斡旋之神， 因為希臘人非常需要斡旋。

Incidentally, this is also why Hephaestus

阿提蜜絲則是「月亮與狩獵女神」。

Incidentally, this is also why Hephaestus is not

阿提蜜絲和雅典娜一樣都是「處女神」。 有時候她甚至會把見到她裸體的男人分屍。

Incidentally, this is also why Hephaestus is not the god

宙斯的最後一個在眾神行列裡的孩子是與邁亞生的。

Incidentally, this is also why Hephaestus is not the god of doctors.

（邁亞是支撐天地的半神：阿特拉斯的女兒。）

Zeus' second wife was Demeter with whom he fathered Kore.

「道路與旅人之神」赫耳墨斯。 他是宙斯的信使，也引領人到冥界。

Hey, gurl!

他有一頂長翅膀的帽子， 還有雙比愛迪達早很多的羽翼鞋。

Hey, gurl! Remember? Because Kore means..

他也是機巧之神，常常做沒本錢的生意。 同時也是文字與魔法之神。

Hey gurl! Remember? Because Kore means.. girl?

換句話說，他就是希臘版的圖特。 來個 High Five 吧！

Hey gurl! Remember? Because Kore means.. girl? (these are the jokes, people.)

羽毛鞋穿的還習慣嗎？

Anyway, that relationship didn't last, and Zeus married her sister, Hera.

我們要討論的奧林匹斯神系中 的最後一位神，被大衛‧李明描述為：

Good thing that there's no god of awkwaaard...

「希臘神祇中最含糊不清、最不道地的神祇。」

Hera was sometimes associated with childbirth, but mostly her thing was being miffed at Zeus.

他說的是 「酒神」戴歐尼修斯。

Hera and Zeus had four children:

戴歐尼修斯出生的方式很特別。

Hebe, a goddess of youth and the cupbearer to the Olympians, who married Hercules;

他的凡人母親塞墨勒在與宙斯做完愛做的事之後， 她要求要看宙斯的原形。

Eileithyia, who was a goddess of childbirth;

很遺憾的，宙斯現出原形後， 他的神火直接將塞墨勒燒成了黑炭。

the other two children, Hephaestus and Ares, showed up in a number of myths.

宙斯搶救出還是胚胎的戴歐尼修斯， 將他縫在自己的大腿裡，等他足月才取出。

Hephaestus, a smith who walks with a limp, is the god of fire and crafts.

從發掘出來的證據裡，顯示早在公元前1200年， 在希臘的邁錫尼城裡就有人崇拜戴歐尼修斯。

Ares is a god of war, more about, like, carnage than strategy, and they both have a thing for Aphrodite.

但也有許多說法認為戴歐尼修斯是外邦之神。

Because everyone has a thing for Aphrodite.

有許多希臘神祇都是脫胎自 各城市裡原有的信仰。

Zeus' liaisons resulted in other Olympians as well, for instance:

例如，阿提蜜絲原本很有可能是 安那托利亞（小亞細亞）地區崇拜的母神。

with Leto, whose parents were Titans, zeus fathered the twins Apollo and Artemis.

戴歐尼修斯是土生土長的神祇， 為什麼會被視為外邦之神呢？

Apollo became the god of the sun and music.

或許是因為戴歐尼修斯與理想中自制能力很好的 阿波羅不同，他代表的是人性的另一面。

Also, moderation, because that was something that Greeks needed a god for.

戴歐尼修斯不僅僅是酒神， 也是放縱或不羈之神。

Artemis was associated with the moon and with the hunt.

根據學者德里和狄維尼： 「在希臘人眼中，戴歐尼修斯代表的不是酩酊大醉，

Like Athena, Artemis was a virgin goddess and she'd sometimes tear apart the bodies of men who saw her naked.

而是泉湧的靈感。

The final child of Zeus to become a member of the Olympian pantheon is his son with Maia,

是一種令信徒從世俗的框架中解放， 從心所欲的宗教體驗。」

the daughter of the demigod Atlas, who holds up the world.

羅馬人將這種狂歡稱為 bacchanal。 字根源自羅馬版的酒神：巴克斯 (Bacchus)。

This is Hermes, the god of the road and of travellers. He's Zeus' messenger, who also leads people to Hades.

戴歐尼修斯的崇拜活動通常由邁那得斯（酒神狂女） 執行。她們遠離家中，進到森林裡，

Hermes had a winged hat and winged sandals way before Adidas JS wings

整日飲酒作樂，獵捕動物。 將獵物撕裂作為祭品。

He's a trickster who often makes sharp deals, and he's a god of writing and magic,

就是開始划酒拳、罰酒， 直到這些宵查某開始活活咬死這些野獸。

which basically makes him the Hellenised version of Thoth. High five, Thoth!

也難怪希臘人很難接受這樣瘋狂的神祇。

Get you some feathered kicks, my dude.

在收尾之前，必須先講講羅馬人。

The final member of the Olympian pantheon we need to discuss is the one David Leeming calls:

他們從所征服之地借來很多文化。

at once the most ambiguous and the most foreign of the Greek gods:

很直接的把希臘眾神進口成為羅馬眾神。

Dionysus, the god of wine.

還有一部份是將羅馬本有的神跟希臘神合一。

Dionysus had an unusual birth. After consorting with Zeus,

例如說，伊特魯里亞的女神、 手工藝匠的守護神米奈娃，就成了雅典娜。

his human mother Semele made a wish to see Zeus in his true form.

義大利的森林女神黛安娜則變身成為 狩獵女神阿提蜜絲...等等。

Regrettable. When Zeus revealed himself, his godly presence burned Semele to a crisp.

這是一個簡單的希臘/羅馬眾神對照表。

Zeus saved the embryonic Dionysus and sewed him up in his thigh,

羅馬也有原創的神，例如「門戶之神」雅努斯。

from which he was later born. Now, there's archaeological evidence that Dionysus was worshipped

一月的英文 January 就是源自他的名字。

in the ancient Greek city of Mycenae as early as 1200 BCE, but many stories portray Dionysus as a foreigner.

（所以你可以怪他帶來了冷冰冰的天氣...

A bunch of greek gods originated as deities associated with cults from different cities:

...你也可以怪珀耳塞福涅、或黑帝斯或石榴。）

Artemis was probably a great mother goddess in Anatolia for instance, but Dionysus?

到了羅馬帝國時代，他們開始將把皇帝神格化。

homegrown! Or home-sown, I guess. So why is he considered foreign?

但是羅馬神話並不是圍繞著這些借來的神。

Maybe it's because Dionysus represents human traits that are very different from the idealized self-control of Apollo

最重要的神話還是與羅馬本身的歷史有關。

Dionysus is called the God of wine, but he's more a god of abandon, or disinhibition.

不過我們之後會再討論， 我們回到不守規矩的神身上吧。

According to Thurry and Devinney, "the Greeks experienced the power of Dionysus not as drunkenness,

來吧！〈思緒泡泡〉！

but as a kind of fervent inspiration,

奧林匹斯神之間的姦情就像歐洲的火車一樣， 又穩定、又頻繁。

a religious experience in which the worshippers' instincts were liberated

舉例來說，阿佛洛狄忒就常常給 丈夫赫菲斯托斯戴綠帽。

from the bondage of social custom."

但是最轟動的一次 是她與戰神被抓姦在床的那一次。

The Romans called this the bacchanal, after their version of Dionysus, Bacchus.

《奧德賽》裡記載：太陽神赫利奧斯撞見阿佛洛狄忒 跟阿瑞斯睡在一起，就告訴了赫菲斯托斯。

The cultic rituals of Dionysus are performed by women called Maenads, who leave home, go into the woods and

赫菲斯托斯打造了一張神網，

drink and dance and hunt and tear wild animals to pieces as a sacrifice.

這張神網的絲細不可見，但是堅不可摧。

Yeah, it's all beer pong and keg stands until the ladies start devouring the flesh of still living beasts.

他把神網架在床上， 假裝去了他在利姆諾斯島上的神爐上班。

No wonder the Dionysus was psychologically challenging for the Greeks.

看到他離開，阿瑞斯和阿佛洛狄忒馬上就睡在一起了。

Before we finish up, I need to mention the Romans,

他們一躺到床上，赫菲斯托斯的神網就掉下來， 捆住了他們倆。

who borrowed heavily from all of the people they conquered.

赫利奧斯馬上通知赫菲斯托斯 說他的妻子與姦夫睡在一起了，他馬上就衝回家中。

They imported some of the Greek gods directly into their pantheon.

他向諸神哭喊：「父神宙斯及各位諸神， 看看發生在我身上的笑話！

Others were native gods reimagined as Greek equivalents.

是可忍，孰不可忍！只因為我是跛子， 父神宙斯之女阿佛洛狄忒就羞辱我。

So Minerva, an Etruscan goddess and patron of crafts, became Athena.

我生來跛腳， 而她卻喜歡英俊、好手好腳的阿瑞斯。

Diana, an Italian woodland goddess was transformed into Artemis the huntress, and so on.

這是誰的錯？難道不是我父母的錯嗎？ 難道不是他們把我生下來的嗎？

So here's a handy chart of all of the parallels between the Greek and Roman pantheons.

看著這對在我床上纏綿的姦夫淫婦，

The Romans did have some original gods, like Janus, the god of doors and arches, from whom we get January,

就令我心如刀割。」

so you can blame him for the bleak weather.

眾神見狀全部轟然大笑，

Or Persephone. Or Hades. Or just pomegranates.

不只是笑被困住的阿瑞斯和阿佛洛狄忒， 也是在笑赫菲斯托斯。

And in the imperial period they started turning their emperors into gods.

赫耳墨斯和阿波羅甚至開玩笑

But the Romans didn't tend to develop their own myths around these borrowed gods.

說他們很樂意能夠這樣和愛之女神捆在一起。

Their most important myth concerned the history of Rome itself;

這是因為所有的人都對阿佛洛狄忒有意思。

we'll talk about that in a future episode, so for now, let's get back to gods behaving badly.

謝謝〈思緒泡泡〉

Take it away, Thought Bubble. Olympian adultery was a lot like the trains in Europe:

看到這裡不禁想問一個很久沒有問的問題：

reliable and frequent. For example, Aphrodite was often unfaithful to her husband Hephaestus,

我們可以從奧林匹斯神系了解希臘人什麼呢？

but none of her affairs called as much trouble as the time she was caught with the god of war.

大衛‧李明認為，奧林匹斯神系 反映了希臘人眼中的自己和希臘社會。

As told in the Odyssey, Helios the sun god spotted Aphrodite in bed with Ares and told Hephaestus.

「比起其他眾神神系，希臘眾神更像是人類的家庭。

So Hephaestus created a magical net so fine that it could hardly be seen,

在奧林匹斯山上的正統神系， 以宙斯為家主的家族，

but it was strong enough so that no one could escape it.

只不過是最強大的希臘家族。

He set his trap over the bed and then pretended to go off to Lemnos, where he had his volcanic forge.

奧林匹斯氏與其他豪門、貴族世家一樣， 充滿著罪惡、愚癡、和麻木不仁。

Seeing him go, Ares and Aphrodite went to bed.

不能信任他們， 也不用指望他們會大發慈悲。

As they lay together, Hephaestus' gossamer chains fell on them and bound them together.

如果一個人類家庭有了無窮的權力， 差不多就和他們一樣。

As soon as Helios told Hephaestus that his wife and her lover were together, he rushed back to his house.

他們就是照出人性的一面鏡子。」

He cried out to all of the gods: "Father Zeus and every other blessed immortal, hither to me, and see a jest

鏡子很好，沒有鏡子 就沒有辦法對付美杜莎。

which is unpardonable. Because I am crippled, Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, does me dishonor,

謝謝收看，我們下週見。

preferring Ares, beautiful and straight of limb while I was born crooked.

And whose fault is that, if not my parents'? Would they had not brought me into this life!

Look how these two are clipped together in love's embrace,

here, in my very bed. To watch them cuts me to the heart."

The rest of the gods showed up and loled heartily as gods do,

both at Ares and Aphrodite caught in the net, but also at Hephaestus himself,

with Hermes and Apollo joking that they would be