Name: 8個生存誤區，一定會讓事情變得更糟。 (8 Survival Myths That Will Definitely Make Things Worse)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:35:39.000Z
Duration: 11 min 2 s

Let's say your car breaks down in the middle of the desert, or in a howling blizzard.

來說說如果你的車子在沙漠或暴風雪中拋錨了

and you didn't stock up on food and water like you maybe should've.

然後你也沒儲存食物和水，假設你或許原本應該有

If you find yourself in a survival situation, you're going to have certain priorities:

如果你發現自己還倖存著，你要有個特定的先後順序：

water, not dying of exposure, not being mauled by wild animals, and,

水、小心曝曬、別被野生動物攻擊，和

you know, getting back to wi-fi as soon as possible so you can watch SciShow.

你知道的，盡快回到有無線網路的地方，才能看 SciShow

For most folks, food can actually be a lower priority.

對於大多數的人而言，食物實際上比較不重要

But there's a lot of bad survival info out there.

Some tips seem too good to be true, and they are.

有些訊息似乎太理想化，也的確是如此

Others are ingrained enough to be common knowledge, except they're wrong.

而有些已經根深柢固地被認為是基本常識，雖然它們是錯的

So here's a list of 8 survival tips you definitely shouldn't follow,

所以你絕對不能照做這 8 項生存守則

What about all the snow that's piling up in the blizzard?

那麼堆積在暴風雪中的雪如何呢？

Snow can be safe to eat, especially if it's freshly fallen.

雪是可以吃的，尤其是剛下的雪

While it can collect contaminants as it falls, things like soot from wood fires and coal plants,

就算它降落時會收集到汙染物，像是燒木材和煤的煙塵

that generally won't be enough to hurt you.

Snow that's already on been the ground for a while is riskier, since it might have accumulated,

而積在地面一段時間的雪會比較有風險，因為它可能已經累積

like, who knows what, pollutants from the road, maybe,

像是，誰知道，來自地面的汙染物，之類的

you know, you can insert your own yellow snow joke here.

你懂的，你可以放你尿過的雪在這

But eating snow might be a bad idea for a different reason:

但基於以下幾點，吃雪可能不是個好主意

It has to melt inside your body, and that uses your body heat.

它必須在你的體內融化，而這樣會耗掉你的體熱

Water has a high heat capacity, because it has

pretty strong bonds holding the molecules together.

So you need a lot of energy to break those bonds to boil liquid water or melt ice.

所以為了讓冰溶化或讓水蒸發，你需要很大的能量去破壞那些鍵

Energy your body would otherwise be using to keep you warm.

體內的能量也會用來維持你的體溫

Plus, you'd have to eat a lot of snow to get enough water, since

所以你更要吃很多的雪來補充水分，因為

So to keep your body temperature from falling too much, find a way to melt the snow first.

所以為了不要讓你的身體失溫，先設法去融雪

But the worst way to do that is to like hold it against your skin to melt it.

但融雪最糟的方法就是用你的皮膚包覆著它

Don't do that, it's still going to cool you down.

If you're in the desert, don't count on cactuses as like secret jugs of fresh spring water.

如果你在沙漠中，別指望仙人掌會有秘密水壺般的新鮮泉水

But there's also a bunch of noxious chemicals.

但同時也有許多有害的化學物質

Cactuses use an unusual type of photosynthesis, called CAM.

仙人掌用一種特殊的光合作用，叫作 CAM

CAM photosynthesis uses way less water than other kinds, so it's handy in the desert.

CAM 需要的水比其它種的光合作用還要少，所以它才能自由地在沙漠中

CAM plants gather CO2 through pores at night and store it in the form of organic acids.

用 CAM 的植物，晚上透過氣收集二氧化碳並用有機酸的形式儲存

Then they can close those pores during the day to minimize water loss,

之後它們便可在白天關上氣孔，讓水分的流失降到最少

using the stored carbon to get on with the light-dependent parts of photosynthesis.

在光合作用的光反應時，用儲存起來的二氧化碳生活

For storage, they mainly use malic acid, which isn't so bad for you.

為了儲存，它們主要用蘋果酸，這不會很傷你的身體

It's in various fruits, although too much can irritate your mouth.

它在很多水果中都有，雖然吃太多會讓你的嘴巴不舒服

But many CAM plants also make oxalic acid.

Oxalic acid is toxic, because it binds to calcium, which can mess up your body.

草酸是有毒的，因為它會和鈣結合，而你的身體會失調

It can also build up in your kidneys in the form of calcium oxalate,

它也會變成草酸鈣，堆積在你的腎中，

In addition to the acids, a lot of cactus flesh contains alkaloids, which are a diverse

除了這些酸類，許多仙人掌的肉有植物鹼基，那是個

family of plant chemicals that generally aren't nice to eat and can really affect your body.

植物界中化學物質的大家庭，通常不太適合拿來吃，而且對人體有一定的影響

Cactus juice won't get you high, like it did to Sokka in Avatar: The Last Airbender.

仙人掌汁不會像「降世神通：最后的氣宗」(美國動畫) 一樣讓你變嗨

But it can make you sick enough to cause puking or diarrhea,

它反而會讓你生病，引發嘔吐或痢疾

which will dehydrate you and make matters worse.

Fishhook barrel cactuses and young prickly pear cactuses contain few enough of the unpleasant

魚鉤狀的圓筒仙人掌和年輕的梨果仙人掌包含一些不好的

化學物質，讓它在還沒成熟的時候變成能吃的東西

They still don't taste good, but they'll do in a bind.

他們仍不好吃，但他們將能在如此窘境發揮作用

But you'd better be pretty confident in your botany skills.

但你最好對自己的植物學技能有自信

Bodily fluids are also mostly water, so you might think you can recycle them.

水也是體內最多的液體，所以你應該要想想能不能回收那些東西

Drinking urine might help you survive ever so slightly longer,

but it's only safe to do for a day or so.

That's because the waste products in your pee are waste for a reason.

尿中的廢物之所以被排掉，有它的原因

If you put them back in your body, they'll build up faster than your kidneys can eliminate them.

如果你再把它放回體內，它們會累積得比腎臟排出還快

And that can send you into a state similar to kidney failure, with your body unable to

然後會讓你進入腎功能衰竭的狀態，你的身體沒辦法

process all of the potassium, nitrogen compounds, and calcium you're throwing at it.

處理所有的鉀、氮化合物，和你丟向它的鈣

As for blood… it's sometimes safe to eat in small amounts.

至於血... 有時候少量攝取是安全的

In certain places, it's fairly common, but that's more for its

在特殊的時候，這是很正常的，但血中的

protein and iron content than as a source for water.

In large amounts, which you'd need to stay hydrated, blood contains more iron than your

在你需要保持水分的情況下，喝太多血會讓血液裡的鐵含量超過

Your body tries to store it in places like your heart and liver,

你的身體試著把它收進心臟或肝臟之類的地方

but that can lead to organ failure and death.

Plus, you're at risk from bloodborne pathogens.

加上，你正處於血源性病原體的危機

So going full vampire to survive is probably not the best idea.

所以為了活下去而當吸血鬼八成不會是個最棒的主意

But let's say you've found some water, and now you need a way to get home without GPS.

不過讓我們假設你找到一些水，現在需要一個沒有導航也能回家的方法

And maybe you've heard that moss always grows on the north sides of trees.

或許你有聽過，苔癬總是從樹木的北方開始生長

This is one of those things that's true in general, but not 100% reliable all of the time.

普遍來說，這是其中一項正確的事，但並不是每個時候都完全可靠

Here in the northern hemisphere, the northern side of a tree will get the least sunlight,

在北半球，樹木的北邊照到的陽光最少

That means the northern side of the tree is most likely to be shady, cool, and damp,

這代表樹木的北邊通常都是陰冷潮濕

Mosses are non-vascular plants, which aren't as good at retaining water as other types of plants.

苔蘚是非維管植物，保留水分的能力沒有其它種類的植物來的好

They essentially lack the plumbing to transport water inside of them,

它們基本上就是缺少輸送水分的管子

so they need all the moisture they can get.

所以它們需要所有能夠取得的水分

So if some other situation is creating good conditions on any particular side of a tree,

所以在樹木的任何一側，如果有其它情況讓狀態變好

It's not necessarily pointing north, it's just the nice-for-moss side.

它不一定就是指向北方，只是通常會適合苔癬生長

You're going to need some shelter too, or at least a way to stay warm.

你也需要一些陰涼處，或是一個至少能保暖的地方

And you might have seen people in old-timey books or shows

而你可能看過很久以前的書本或節目

giving a swig of booze to warm someone up, especially in a blizzard.

為了暖活身子，會大口地喝酒，尤其是在暴風雪中

This one almost seems intuitive, because alcohol brings a flush of warmth to your cheeks.

這點看起來幾乎是很直觀的，因為酒精會讓你的臉頰紅紅熱熱的

But that is the exact opposite of what you want if you need to stay warm.

但如果你要保暖，這麼做的結果和你想要的完全相反

Alcohol is a vasodilator, meaning it opens up the blood vessels near the surface of your skin,

酒精是血管擴張劑，也就是說它會擴張皮膚表面的血管

probably by altering your brain's blood vessel controls.

大概是因為大腦的血管控制改變了

That increased blood flow is why you might feel or look flushed when you're drunk.

就是因為血流量的增加，喝酒時臉頰感覺或看起來可能會紅紅的

But it also transports warmth towards the surface of your skin,

where it can conveniently diffuse away from your body and into the colder air nearby.

那些能輕易從體內散播出去到附近空氣比較冷的地方

When your body is trying to stay warm, it actually constricts those blood vessels to

當你的身體試著要保持溫暖，實際上它要壓縮那些血管來

try and conserve warmth in your internal organs and your brain,

試著保存體內器官和大腦的溫度

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8個生存誤區，一定會讓事情變得更糟。 (8 Survival Myths That Will Definitely Make Things Worse)

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