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  • Philosophy is a discipline committed to helping us to live wiser and less sorrowful lives.

    哲學是一門幫助我們過得更有智慧、減少悲傷的學問。

  • Here are six ideas from its Western branch that can inspire and console: ONE: “What

    本片將分享六個西方哲學的思維,或許可以啟發和撫慰你的心。第一個:

  • need is there to weep over parts of life? The whole of it calls for tears.” The Roman

    「何必為了生命中的小事哭泣?生命本就是一場悲劇!」

  • philosopher Seneca used to comfort his friendsand himselfwith this darkly humorous

    這是羅馬哲學家 Seneca 用來安慰自己和朋友的話,帶點黑色幽默,

  • remark which gets to the heart of Stoicism, the school of philosophy which Seneca helped

    也直擊斯多葛學派理念的核心。該學派由 Seneca 協助建立,

  • to found and which dominated the West for two hundred years. We get weepy and furious,

    深度影響了西方世界約兩百年。根據斯多葛學派的說法,

  • says Stoicism, not simply because our plans have failed, but because they have failed

    我們之所以會哭或暴怒,不單是因為計畫失敗,

  • and we strongly expected them not to. Therefore, thought Seneca, the task of philosophy is

    而是因為失敗不如我們的預期。 因此,Seneca 認為哲學應該

  • to disappoint us gently before life has a chance to do so violently. The less we expect,

    在生命無情打擊我們之前,先溫和地讓我們看清現實;

  • the less we will suffer. Through the help of a consoling pessimism, we should strive

    使我們期待越少,失望越小。在悲觀主義的安慰和加持之下,

  • to turn our rage and our tears into that far less volatile compound: sadness. Seneca was

    我們應該努力將暴怒和絕望轉變為較安定的情緒:哀傷。

  • not trying to depress us, just to spare us the kind of hope that, when it fails, inspires

    Seneca 並非要我們心灰意冷,只是在免除一種不必要的期望,

  • bitterness and intemperate shouting. TWO: Peccatum Originale In the late 4th century,

    使得人們失敗時不必叫苦連天。第二個: Peccatum Originale 。四世紀末,

  • as the immense Roman Empire was collapsing, the leading philosopher of the age, St Augustine,

    正當廣大的羅馬帝國衰亡之際,當時最重要的哲學家——聖奧古斯丁

  • became deeply interested in possible explanations for the evident tragic disorder of the human

    所關注的問題是:世上的不幸和動亂為何發生?

  • world. One central idea he developed was what he legendarily termed Peccatum Originale:

    據說他最先將 Peccatum Originale 稱為「原罪」,而這也是他的核心理念。

  • original sin. Augustine proposed that human nature is inherently damaged and tainted because

    奧古斯丁認為人類天性殘缺、腐敗,因為在伊甸園中,人類之母夏娃

  • in the Garden of Edenthe mother of all people, Eve, sinned against God by eating

    吃下知識善惡樹的果實而得罪上帝。

  • an apple from the Tree of Knowledge. Her guilt was then passed down to her descendants and

    她的罪傳給了後代,

  • now all earthly human endeavours are bound to fail because they are the work of a corrupt

    而現今全人類的一切努力註定要失敗,因為人是墮落

  • and faulty human spirit. This odd idea might not be literally true, of course. However,

    而缺損的靈魂所造的。這奇特的想法未必為真,不過,

  • as a metaphor for why the world is in a mess, it has a beguiling poetic truth, as relevant

    作為亂世的註解,它的確誘使人相信且充滿想像力,無論信不信神都會這麼認為。

  • to atheists as believers. We should notperhapsexpect too much from the human race, Augustine

    奧古斯丁暗示著,我們或許不該對人類期待太高,

  • implies. We've been somewhat doomed from the outset. And that can, in certain moods,

    畢竟人從一開始就註定搞砸啦。這麼想的話,

  • be a highly redemptive thought to keep in mind. THREE: "Kings and Philosophers shit,

    或許就能自我救贖,脫離某些負面情緒了吧。第三個:「國王和賢哲一樣會拉屎,淑女也會。」

  • and so do ladies." The blunt phrase appears in an essay by the 16th century French philosopher,

    16 世紀的法國哲學家 Michel de Montaigne 在他的一篇論文中直白地提到這句話。

  • Michel de Montaigne. Montaigne wasn't being mean. His point was kindly: he wanted us to

    Montaigne 並沒有惡意,反而立意良善:他希望大家認為

  • feel closer to (and less intimidated) by people whose overt mode of life might seem painfully

    自己和人生勝利組相去不遠 (同時感到更有自信),即便他們的成就很高讓人欽羨不已,看似高不可攀。

  • impressive and very far from our own. And he could have added: in secret these people

    而 Montaigne 其實也在說:這些人私底下也常常

  • also feel inadequate, fear rejection and mess up their sex-lives. We could also update his

    自認不足、害怕被拒絕,甚至性生活一團糟。除了 Montaigne 所提的那幾類人,

  • examples to speak of CEOs, entrepreneurs, and the over-achieving person we went to college

    他的話同樣適用於執行長、企業家還有當年大學班上的風雲人物。

  • with. Montaigne was attempting to free us from underconfidence and shyness, born out

    Montaigne 試圖讓我們不再為缺乏自信和膽怯所困——這些負面情緒

  • of an exaggerated sense of the differences between ourselves and mighty others. At moments

    都因為過度誇大強者和自己的差別而產生。

  • of panic, before an important speech or a much-anticipated date, we should run Montaigne's

    在緊張時刻,例如重要的演講或令人超級期待的約會之前,我們應該在

  • phrase through our febrile, underconfident minds and remind ourselves that no one, however

    腦袋過熱且缺乏自信的時候想想 Montaigne 的話,提醒自己任何人——

  • outwardly poised, is more than a few hours away from a poignantly modest and vulnerable

    無論表現得多有自信——都有辛酸、卑微和脆弱的一面。

  • moment. FOUR: "All our unhappiness comes from our inability to sit alone in our room."

    第四個:「我們之所以不快樂,是因為無法獨坐在自己的房間。」

  • This assertion, by the 17th century French philosopher Pascal, is obviously not literally

    這個主張由 17 世紀的法國哲學家 Pascal 提出,光用字面意思解讀顯然不對。

  • true. But like all good philosophical aphorisms, it pointedly exaggerates an important idea

    就像許多哲學格言一樣,這句話刻意強調一個重要概念,

  • in order to bring home a general insight. We are tempted to leave "our room" and

    好闡明整體觀念。我們時常被吸引而離開了「自己的房間」

  • crave excitements that too often turn out badly; we meddle in the lives of others but

    ,因為我們渴求刺激,即使結果往往很糟;我們愛管別人閒事,

  • fail to help them; we seek fame and end up being misunderstood by large numbers of people

    但總沒幫上忙;我們追求名譽,卻被一堆不認識的人誤解。

  • we don't know. "Sitting alone" doesn't mean literally being on the bed but rather,

    「獨自坐著」意思不是真的坐在床上,

  • staying undistracted with ourselves: appreciating small pleasures; examining the contents of

    而是專注於自我:感激微小的快樂、檢視內心、

  • our own minds, allowing the quieter (but important) parts of our psyche to emerge; thinking before

    發掘心中沈默(但重要)的聲音、三思而行。

  • we act. Pascal's phrase's poignant because the louder voices in our culture are constantly

    Pascal 的話可說是切中要點,因為我們所處的文化不斷大力推崇相反的事。

  • speaking in the opposite direction; are always goading us to get out more, to grow more agitated,

    老是勸我們多出門、高興一點、

  • to seek more drama and to spend less time in thoughtful reveries, gazing out of the

    尋求刺激和有趣的事,少花點時間看著窗外的雲朵做白日夢。

  • window at the clouds passing high above. We should, with Pascal's encouragement, learn

    Pascal 鼓勵我們更加了解自己,和自己平靜相處。

  • to become better, quieter friends to ourselves. FIVE: "Sub specie aeternitatis." This means, translated

    第五個:Sub specie aeternitatis,從拉丁文翻譯過來的意思是

  • from the Latin, "under the aspect of eternity" – a memorable phrase from the Ethics, published

    「以永恆的角度來看」——收錄於荷蘭哲學家 Baruch Spinoza 1677 年出版的《倫理學》中。

  • in 1677 by the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. For Spinoza, the task of philosophy is to

    Spinoza 認為,哲學的任務在於教導我們以永恆的角度看待事物,

  • teach us to look at things, especially our own suffering and disappointment, "under

    尤其是看待自身的苦難與失落,

  • the aspect of eternity," that is, as though we were gazing down at the earth from very

    彷彿我們正從遠處,甚至另一個星球俯瞰地球。

  • far away or from a different star (Spinoza's outlook was much indebted to Galileo). From

    (Spinoza 有此觀點還要感謝伽利略呢。)

  • this lofty perspective, the incidents that trouble us no longer have to seem so shocking

    從高處觀看,困擾我們的事就不再那麼駭人,規模也變小了。

  • or so large. What is a divorce or a sacking when contemplated from the lunar surface?

    在月球的宏觀視野下,離婚和被炒魷魚算什麼?

  • What is a rejection in love judged against the earth's 4.5 billion year history? Our

    和地球 45 億年間的巨變比起來,告白被打槍又算什麼?

  • nature means that we'll always be pulled to exaggerate the here and now, but our reasoned

    我們會很自然地放大此時此地、發生在自己身上的事,

  • intelligence gives us access to a unique alternative perspective, in which we participate in what

    但理性使得我們可以切換觀點,採取 Spinoza 的

  • Spinoza called "eternal totality", and can cease railing against the status quo,

    「永恆且全面的視角」,不再為現狀所困,

  • submitting to the flow of events with clear-eyed serenity instead. SIX: "Aus so krummem Holze,

    以清晰的思緒和平靜的心情順應時勢變化。第六個:Aus so krummem Holze,

  • als woraus der Mensch gemacht ist, kann nichts ganz Gerades gezimmert werden." It's a slightly

    als woraus der Mensch gemacht ist, kann nichts ganz Gerades gezimmert werden.

  • daunting and long German phrase but a hugely arresting and redemptive one, central to the

    這麼長的德文看起來有點嚇人,但其實很有趣也相當有幫助喔!

  • spirit of Western philosophy: "Out of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing

    作為西方哲學的核心概念,18世紀時,德國的哲學家康德提出:

  • was ever made." So wrote the German eighteenth century philosopher Immanuel Kant, who urged

    「人性這根彎曲的木頭,造不出筆直的東西。」

  • us to recognise that nothing that human beings do can ever be less than slightly wonky, because

    他要我們認知到:人類做任何事都有點靠不住。

  • we are creatures as much of passion and erroneous instinct as of reason and noble intelligence.

    因為,儘管兼具理性和智慧,我們同時也是情感的動物,直覺時常出錯。

  • The wise accept this dark reality head on and so do not expect perfection. When designing

    聰明的人坦然接受這個的令人難過的事實,因此不追求完美:

  • governments, they do not presume that rationality will triumph; they do everything to assume

    建立政府時,他們不相信理性能發揮作用,認為人一定會出錯、做蠢事、

  • that error and folly will try to have their wayand so create structures to contain them.

    搞砸事情,因此設計了可以互相制衡的政治體系。

  • When they marry, with comparable realism, they never expect that one person can be everything

    結婚時,他們從不期盼對方成為自己的一切,

  • to them and then harangue a partner when they turn out not to be. An acceptance of our crooked

    看清現實了之後,也不會大肆抱怨。

  • nature isn't dispiriting, it's the birth of generosity and dark good humour. Not least,

    接受我們固有的缺陷不是悲觀,而是一種達觀,一種笑看人生悲喜的態度。

  • added Kant, crooked beams can make for beautiful floors, in the hands of a talented carpenter.

    此外,康德也提到,在工匠的巧手下,即使曲木也能鋪成漂亮的地板。

  • If you want to learn more about the thinkers from our videos,

    如果想深入認識影片中的思想家,

  • check out our Great Thinkers Book. Available world wide and now as an e-book.

    請參考我們的書:《Great Thinkers Book》。全球通運,現在也有電子書。

Philosophy is a discipline committed to helping us to live wiser and less sorrowful lives.

哲學是一門幫助我們過得更有智慧、減少悲傷的學問。

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