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  • If you imagine a typical American city street, and you take away the space that's dedicated

    想像一下典型的美國城市街道,然後把汽車空間拿掉

  • to cars, you aren't left with very much.

    你發現城市空間所剩無幾

  • There are some narrow walkways on the side, and some bridges in between them, but not

    馬路旁雖然有狹窄的人行道還有一些人行天橋

  • much else.

    但是僅止於此

  • Cars dominate cities.

    汽車佔據了城市

  • Spend some time walking around most cities and you'll find yourself pushed to narrow

    花一點時間在城市步行你會發現,在大多數的城市

  • sidewalks, waiting for crosswalk lights.

    你被逼著走在窄小的人行道等紅綠燈

  • You'll find cyclists navigating really narrow strips of space.

    你會發現自行車只能在非常狹窄的空間漫遊

  • Americans are used to cars the way that fish are used to water.

    美國人對車的依賴就像是魚對水的依賴那樣

  • That's so ubiquitous in the U.S. that I think for most people, it just never occurred

    這個現象在美國普遍到我認為大多數的人根本沒有想過

  • to them that it could be otherwise.

    有其他的可能性

  • But what if there were a way to change that?

    但是如果有辦法可以改變呢

  • To give space back to pedestrians and bicyclists, and to make cities more friendly to life outside

    把空間還給行人和自行車騎士,讓汽車以外的城市

  • of a car?

    更友善

  • It turns out Barcelona might have a solution.

    巴賽隆納可能有解答

  • In 2014, the city was faced with serious air pollution problems.

    2014 年,巴賽隆納面臨嚴重的空污問題

  • Barcelona and its 35 surrounding municipalities consistently failed to meet the EU's air

    巴賽隆納及周遭的 35 個市鎮一直無法達到歐盟的

  • quality targets.

    空氣品質標準

  • Studies were showing that air pollution in the region causes 3,500 premature deaths every

    研究顯示該區域的空汙導致每年有 3500 名早產兒

  • year.

    死亡

  • Traffic in the city also causes severe noise pollution.

    城市裡的車輛也造成嚴重的噪音污染

  • So the city developed an extensive Urban Mobility Plan with the hope of reducing traffic by

    因此市府擬出一項大規模的都市移動計畫

  • 21 percent.

    希望減少 21% 的車流量

  • The coolest part of the plan

    這項計畫最酷的是

  • were these things:

    以下幾點

  • They call them "superilles".

    他們把計畫稱為 superrilles

  • Superilles?

    superilles?

  • Si, superilles.”

    對 superrilles

  • That translates tosuperblocks”.

    意思就是「超級街區」

  • It's this urban design concept intended to minimize the presence of cars in city centers.

    是一種都市設計的概念,旨在將車子的數量減到對低

  • The wordsuperblockhas been used before to describe huge city blocks without any passageways

    「超級街區」這個詞之前被用來形容沒有車道的大型

  • for cars.

    街區

  • But that's not what's happening here.

    但是這裡不是這個意思

  • So here's how Barcelona's plan works.

    以下是巴賽隆那計畫的成功經驗

  • You take nine square city blocks and close off the inside to through traffic.

    選定九個正方形街區然後禁止車輛穿越

  • So buses, big freight trucksor any vehicles that are trying to get from one part of town

    所以公車 大貨車或任何想要從一端到另一端的

  • to the nexthave to drive around the perimeter.

    車輛必須要繞過街區

  • Inside the superblock, the speed limit is kept to 10 kilometers per hourthat translates

    在超級街區裡面速限是 10 公里

  • to just over 6 miles per hourand curbside parking is replaced by underground parking.

    大約比六英里多一點,而路邊停車被地下停車取代

  • That means you wind up with street space for markets, outdoor games, and events.

    結果是城市留有更多的街道空間給市場、戶外遊戲和活動

  • Within this nine square block perimeter you're gonna have kind of a pleasant streetscape

    在這九個街區形成的範圍之內,你會體驗到舒適怡人的街景

  • where people can walk around and mingle and do things without this kind of constant fear

    人們可以隨意步行、交流,可以做任何事情都不必擔心

  • of cars around.

    有車輛經過

  • The concept is going to be tested out in five neighborhoods, but the city has identified

    這個概念即將在五個鄰里進行測試不過市府已經找出了

  • 120 possible intersections throughout the region where it could be implemented.

    120 個可能施行的路口

  • So how do we know what the results of this kind of plan would look like?

    所以我們要怎麼知道這樣的計畫會導致什麼結果?

  • Well, northwest of Barcelona is a city called Vitoria-Gasteiz, which has implemented superblock

    巴賽隆納西北邊的城市 Victoria-Gasteiz 已經在2008年

  • designs since 2008.

    施行了超級街區計畫

  • In the main superblock at the city center, pedestrian space increased from 45 percent

    在市中心的超級街區中人行空間的總面積從 45%

  • of the total surface area to 74 percent.

    增加到 74%

  • With so much less traffic, noise levels dropped from 66.5 dBA to 61 dBA.

    車流量大量減少之後噪音值從 66.5dBA 降到 61dBA

  • Most impressive of all, there was a 42% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions and a 38% reduction

    最令人印象深刻的是氮氧化物的排放量減少了 42%

  • in particle pollution in the area.

    懸浮微粒也減少了 38%

  • On top of that, business is up.

    除此之外商家的生意反而變好了

  • What you consistently see when people change their streetscapes to prioritize human beings

    從過往的案例中可以看到當街景變成以人為本

  • over cars is you don't see any decline in economic activity, you see the opposite.

    而不是以車為本時

  • You get more people walking and cycling around more slowly, stopping more often patronizing

    經濟活動並不會因此蕭條反而活絡了起來

  • businesses more, and thatcenter of social activity will tend to build on itself.

    更多人步行,騎單車步調更緩慢

  • So here's the question: could something like this work in an American city?

    更常停下腳步光顧商家

  • Barcelona has some unique advantages getting started on this plan, in that a lot of it

    並且自然而然形成社交活動的中心

  • was built before cars, and a lot of it was built on a simple grid.

    所以問題來了這個計畫在美國城市能否成功

  • The district of Eixamplewhere the superblock plan is basedwas designed in 1859

    巴賽隆納有先天的優勢可以施行這個計畫

  • in this repetitive grid structure by this guy, Ildefons Cerdá.

    因為許多街區都是在汽車出現之前建造的

  • He basically invented the word for (and the study of) “urbanizationwhen he laid out this

    還有很多街區都是照著方格狀街區建立起來的

  • grid plan for Barcelona that evenly distributed resources like schools and hospitals.

    擴展區是超級街區開始的所在設計於 1859 年

  • But superblock designers insist that cities don't need a simple grid structure

    由茵德逢瑟達操刀設計成重複的方格狀

  • to implement this kind of plan.

    在他設計這座方格狀城市時他基本上發明了「都市化」

  • It can work anywhere.

    一詞 (和研究)

  • Now, cities in the US have have attempted some car-minimizing projects like this.

    他平均地分配了學校和醫院等資源

  • The problem is, they're usually done in wealthier areas with lots of existing businesses.

    但是超級街區的設計師認為方格狀的結構並不是

  • Zoning policies often require separation of residential and commercial areasbut an

    實行這個計畫的必要條件

  • ideal walkable area would be a mix of the two.

    在任何地方這個計畫都行得通

  • On top of that, zoning minimums on parking availability encourage the presence of cars

    目前美國的城市已經嘗試了以下的車輛極少化計畫

  • and parking lots, and minimums on street width make for wide, unwalkable streets.

    問題是這些計畫通常在富裕地區實行

  • Because of that, walkable districts are basically isolated luxury items in the US.

    這些地區充滿了各種商業活動

  • What makes the Barcelona plan different is that they aren't setting aside one fancy

    土地使用分區計畫通常將住宅區與商業區分開

  • neighborhood or town square to make pedestrian-friendly

    然而住商混用街區會是較理想的步行空間

  • instead, by proposing superblocks throughout

    除此之外土地使用分區對停車位的最低限制

  • the entire city, they've declared car-free spaces a right for everybody, no matter what

    鼓勵了車輛的使用

  • part of town they're in.

    以及導致停車場增加而對街道寬度的最低限制

  • Maybe — this might be overly optimistic — but I think it has sunk in in the U. S. that the model whereby

    導致馬路過寬難以步行

  • every city resident comes with a carand drives a car everywhereis just inherently limited.

    因此步行區在美國基本上是奢侈的孤島

  • It limits the growth of your city, it limits the health of your city and the growth of your city.

    巴賽隆那的計畫不同之處在於他們沒有為高級社區

  • So one way or another we have to find ways of having a lot of people live close to one another without all of

    或是城市廣場特別規劃步行區

  • them having cars.

    他們反而將城市佈滿超級街區

  • You know, being able to get around and work and play in live and have enjoyable lives without cars.

    聲稱無車空間是每一個人的權利

If you imagine a typical American city street, and you take away the space that's dedicated

想像一下典型的美國城市街道,然後把汽車空間拿掉

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