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  • Nationality feels so powerful.

    國籍似乎很強大

  • We fight for our country.

    我們為祖國而戰

  • We cheer for it.

    為國家歡呼

  • We draw our values from it.

    我們從國家形塑價值

  • It's a big way many of us describe who we are,

    對很多人來說,這是描述自己很強的立足點

  • but it didn't used to be.

    但並不是一直以來都是如此

  • Up until really recently, our identities came from stuff

    直到非常近期,我們的認同來自自己

  • immediately around us

    周遭的事物

  • clans, religion, family.

    部落、宗教、家庭

  • If you think about it, nationality

    你如果仔細想想,會發現國籍

  • is weird, the idea that you identify

    是很莫名其妙的,那種和數百萬名陌生人有相同的認同

  • with millions of strangers just based on borders.

    只因為你們都在同一條邊界內

  • That's because national identity is made up.

    這是因為,國族認同是虛構的

  • “U.S.A.!

    「美國隊!

  • U.S.A.!”

    加油!」

  • And then [INAUDIBLE] scores!”

    「然後⋯⋯進球!」

  • National identity is the myth that built the modern world,

    國族認同是構成現代社會的神話,

  • but it also primes us for dictatorship, racism, genocide.

    但他也讓我們走向獨裁、種族主義、種族屠殺

  • And today, we're fighting over whether to keep

    而當今,我們在掙扎是否繼續

  • that kind of national identity.

    維繫那樣的國族身份認同

  • To understand why, you have to see how new this idea is.

    要暸解事情的脈絡,你必須先瞭解這個概念是多麼的先進

  • So you think you know what France is.

    你認為你知道法國是什麼

  • It's a place united by the French language

    那是被法語、和法蘭西民族

  • and the French ethnicity, right?

    聯繫的地方,是吧?

  • But as of the French Revolution, half of the people

    但在法國大革命前夕,那裡有一半的人口

  • there could not speak French.

    完全不會說法語

  • Only one in eight spoke it well.

    只有 1/8 的人口是精通法語的

  • These are the languages that people spoke,

    這些是當時法國境內人們使用的語言,

  • just a patchwork that didn't line up with borders.

    很明顯的,相拼不一樣,而且和邊界搭不起來

  • We know from modern genetics that ethnicity didn't line up

    從現代基因科技觀察,也發現種族和國界的劃分

  • with borders, either.

    也連不起來

  • National identity became the idea

    國族認同成為那種

  • that language, race, and borders should add up to a country.

    語言、種族、邊界構成異國這樣的概念

  • Nations can't admit they're made up,

    國家無法承認自身是虛構的,

  • so they invent a national mythology

    所以它們發明了國族神話

  • that says they've been like this forever.

    宣稱國族一直以來都是這樣存在的

  • The modern era brought four big changes

    現代社會有四大變革

  • that led to national identity.

    形成了國族身份認同

  • People moved in big numbers from the country to the city,

    人們大量的從鄉村遷移到城市,

  • and they needed a common language.

    在這過程中,他們需要共同的語言

  • New technology, like newspapers and trains,

    新科技,像是報紙 (印刷術) 和火車

  • made countries feel smaller and more interconnected.

    讓整個國家感覺變小了,更加緊密聯繫

  • War was changing into this vast all-consuming thing.

    戰爭型態也也變成這種牽連社會各個環節的樣貌

  • Countries needed people that cared

    國家需要人們如此在乎

  • so much about their nation,

    他們所屬的國族,

  • they'd fight for it in huge numbers.

    這樣才有大量的人民願意參戰

  • Governments were challenging religion for power.

    政府挑戰宗教組織的權力

  • Here's Napoleon taking his crown from the pope

    在這裡可以看到,拿破崙從教皇那裡拿到皇冠,

  • to crown himself emperor.

    並以此稱帝

  • It was a big deal.

    這是很重大的事件

  • These four things sparked an era of revolutions in democracy,

    這四項因素促使了民主革命時代的到來,

  • but they also unleashed ideas of nationalism, militarism,

    但也同時帶來了國族主義、軍閥主義,

  • and leader worship.

    和領袖崇拜

  • People came to see their countries

    人們開始把自己的國家視為

  • as extensions of themselves.

    自我的延伸

  • This new identity meant that a nation got its authority,

    這個新的認同代表國族因此取得了權威,

  • not from the government, or the King, or God,

    不是從政府、國王,或上帝取得

  • but from the people.

    而是從人民那裡

  • This changed the world, but it also changed how we think.

    這改變了世界,但也改變了我們的思維

  • National identity changes our reality.

    國族身份認同改變了現實面

  • We experience whatever happens to our nation

    我們把國家經歷的事件

  • as if it happened to us.

    當作是發身在自己身上的事

  • Rocky IVcan tell us a lot about what national identity

    《洛基 4 》這部電影可以讓我們了解國族認同

  • does to our brains.

    怎麼影響我們的思維

  • The Russian towers above the American.”

    「俄國人相較於美國人高高在上。」

  • A 1994 study tested the attitudes of Americans

    一項 1994 年的研究探討美國人

  • watching the movie.

    看這部電影時的情緒

  • It includes an amazing footnote.

    這份研究的註腳讓人讚嘆

  • All 216 participants were women because, quote,

    所有 216 名受試者都是女性,因為

  • There were no males who had not seen 'Rocky IV.'”

    「沒有任何一名男性沒看過《洛基 4 》」

  • Anyway

    總之——

  • When Rocky beat his Russian opponent,

    當洛基打敗他的俄籍對手,

  • participants who strongly identified as American

    那些對身為美國人有強烈認同的受試者

  • felt a boost in self-esteem.

    覺得自己的信心被大大鼓舞

  • When they were shown re-edited footage

    當他們觀看編輯過的影片片段,

  • to make it look like Rocky lost, they felt a drop in self-esteem

    讓洛基看起來好像輸了,他們覺得信心受挫

  • and they became likelier to hold negative views about Russians.

    然後更傾向對俄國人持有負面的看法

  • But when they said something bad about Russians,

    而當他們講了俄國人的壞話之後,

  • their self-esteem recovered.

    信心又恢復了

  • When we feel threatened, it makes

    當我們覺得受威脅,我們會

  • us want to humiliate and dominate the outsider.

    想要羞辱或征服外人

  • That dynamic doesn't just apply to individuals.

    這種互動關係不只適用於個體之間,

  • It can apply to whole societies.

    也適用於整體社會之間

  • This can drive war, itself.

    但靠這種情緒就能造成戰爭、衝突

  • One study found that any country whose team

    一項研究發現,任何參與

  • plays in the World Cup becomes likelier

    世界足球賽的國家更傾向

  • to launch attacks abroad.

    以武力攻擊他國

  • That hostility also plays out against minorities and migrants

    這種敵意也威脅那些無法被國族神話容納的

  • who don't fit the national myth.

    少數族裔和移民身上

  • It only took a century for these problems of modern nationalism

    在短短的一世紀之內,現代國族主義的種種問題

  • to culminate into World War II, something so terrible,

    就釀成了第二次世界大戰這場巨大的災難,

  • it convinced the world to try a new kind of national identity.

    促使世界各國從新塑造另一種國族認同

  • Great American melting pot.”

    「偉大的美國文化大熔爐」

  • This model of identity is based on an idea from the United

    這種認同模式源自

  • States.

    美國

  • Anyone can be American if you share values

    任何人只要認同自由、努力等價值

  • like freedom and hard work.

    就能成為美國人

  • May I please remind you that it does not say

    「可以容許我提醒大家,

  • RSVP on the Statue of Liberty.”

    自由女神像沒有刻任何和邀請相關的字眼。」

  • It's a stirring idea, but it never completely worked.

    這是令人省思的想法,可是從來沒有完全實現

  • Your race is your nation.”

    「你的種族就是國家的標誌。」

  • If you don't speak English and don't contribute, get out!”

    「你如果不會說英文,又沒有貢獻,滾!」

  • The belief that being American is really

    那種美國人身份維繫

  • about race, religion, and language

    種族、宗教、語言上的信念

  • also runs throughout history.

    在歷史上也一直出現

  • So what makes a country?

    那麼國家形成的因素是什麼?

  • Which identity should matter?

    哪種身份認同才是緊要的?

  • That fight defines so much of the world right now.

    這樣的爭執強烈地形塑當前的世界

  • And it's intensified.

    而且情勢越演越烈

  • You see it in the backlash to the European Union.

    從反歐盟的情緒可以窺見一二

  • We've got our country back.”

    「我們奪回了我們的國家。」

  • You see it in how Donald Trump began his campaign.

    從川普的競選活動也可以看見

  • We either have a country or we don't,

    「我們擁有國家,或是沒有,

  • and it's that simple.”

    事情就是這麼簡單。」

  • The national myth is powerful.

    國族神話的威力十分強大

  • We fight for a common past and a common future.

    我們為了同享的過去和未來奮鬥

  • It isn't real, but that doesn't matter.

    這都不是真實的,但不重要

  • We've been taught for so long that this is who we are.

    我們一直被灌輸這是我們的一部份這樣的觀念

  • Building a world based on shared values

    要建構有普世價值的世界

  • really means creating a new myth.

    必須再建構一個新的神話

  • But that only works if it feels as powerful as the last one.

    但只有當這個新的神話和現有的一樣有說服力才有可能

Nationality feels so powerful.

國籍似乎很強大

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