what we learn from conservatives.

我要談論的是

And I'm at a stage in life where I'm yearning for my old days,

我們可以從保守派學到什麼。

so I want to confess to you

我現在很懷念以前的日子，

that when I was a kid,

所以我要向你們承認

indeed, I was a conservative.

我還是個小孩的時候，

I was a Young Republican, a Teenage Republican,

我確實是一位保守派成員

a leader in the Teenage Republicans.

我曾經是一位青少年共和黨員，

Indeed, I was the youngest member

是青少共和黨員的領導著。

of any delegation

事實上，在1980的大會中

in the 1980 convention that elected Ronald Reagan

Ronald Regan被提名為

to be the Republican nominee for president.

代表共和黨的總統競選者時，

Now, I know what you're thinking.

我是被委派的人當中最年輕的領導者。

(Laughter)

我知道你們在想什麼

You're thinking, "That's not what the Internets say."

(笑)

You're thinking, "Wikipedia doesn't say this fact."

你們在想：網路上不是這樣說的

And indeed, this is just one of the examples

你們在想：維基百科並沒有說這件事。

of the junk that flows across the tubes

事實上，這只是許多

in these Internets here.

流竄在網路上那些垃圾傳言

Wikipedia reports that this guy,

的其中一則而已。

this former congressman from Erie, Pennsylvania

維基百科報導這個傢伙，

was, at the age of 20, one of the youngest people

這個來自Pennsylvania州的前國會議員

at the Republican National Convention,

在20歲的時候

but it's just not true.

是共和黨全國代表大會中最年輕成員之一

(Laughter)

但這根本不是真的

Indeed, it drives me so nuts, let me just change this little fact here.

（笑）

(Laughter)

事實上這徹底惹毛我了，讓我來修改一下這段話吧。

(Applause)

（笑）

All right. Okay, so ... perfect.

（鼓掌）

Perfect.

好了。這樣就對了!

(Laughter)

很完美。

Okay, speaker Lawrence Lessig, right.

（笑）

Okay.

好，演講者Lawrence Lessig，對吧？

Finally, truth will be brought here.

好的。

Okay, see? It's done. It's almost done. Here we go.

終於，事實要被帶來這了。

"... Youngest Republican," okay, we're finished.

好的，看到了嗎？快好了，就快好了。看吧。

That's it. Please save this.

「...最年輕的共和黨員」好的，這樣就好可以了。

Great, here we go.

就這樣。然後存檔。

And ... Wikipedia is fixed, finally.

這樣就可以了。

Okay, but no, this is really besides the point.

那麼，維基百科上的錯誤就更正了，終於阿。

(Applause)

好的，但並不是這樣的，這是完全跟主題無關。

But the thing I want you to think about when we think about conservatives --

（掌聲）

not so much this issue of the 1980 convention --

但是其實當我們說到保守派時我要你們想想--

the thing to think about is this:

1980年時大會並不是個熱門議題 --

They go to church.

我們要探討的事這個:

Now, you know, I mean, a lot of people go to church.

他們上教堂。

I'm not talking about that only conservatives go to church.

你知道的，我是指許多人都上教堂。

And I'm not talking about the God thing.

我並不是指只有那些保守派才上教堂。

I don't want to get into that, you know; that's not my point.

我也不是要談論上帝。

They go to church, by which I mean,

我不想說太多，你知道的，那不是我要說得重點。

they do lots of things for free for each other.

我說到他們會上教堂的意思是，

They hold potluck dinners.

他們免費的為彼此做很多事。

Indeed, they sell books about potluck dinners.

他們舉辦共享餐會。

They serve food to poor people.

事實上，他們還販售關於共享餐會的書。

They share, they give,

他們提供免費食物給窮困的人。

they give away for free.

他們分享，他們給予。

And it's the very same people

他們無償的付出。

leading Wall Street firms

並且，也同樣是這群人

who, on Sundays, show up

領導著華爾街的公司

and share.

這些人，在星期日，會現身

And not only food, right.

並分享。

These very same people

而且，也並不只是分享食物。

are strong believers, in lots of contexts,

同樣的這一群人

in the limits on the markets.

在市場的限制下，

They are in many important places

是堅守信念的人。

against markets.

他們在很多重要的大會

Indeed, they, like all of us, celebrate this kind of relationship.

對抗現有的市場。

But they're very keen that we don't

事實上，他們就像我們所有人一樣，頌揚這種交際關係

let money drop into that relationship,

但他們很敏銳的堤防，

else it turns into something like this.

不讓金錢介入這種關係之中，

They want to regulate us, those conservatives,

否則事情會變成像這個樣子

to stop us from allowing the market to spread in those places.

那些保守派的，想要控制我們，

Because they understand:

想要阻止我們允許市場擴展到其他地方。

There are places for the market

因為他們明白，

and places where the market should not exist,

有些地方是容許這個市場存在的，

where we should be free

然而也有一些地方是這些市場不該存在的。

to enjoy the fellowship of others.

這些地方應該是自由且免費的，

They recognize: Both of these things have to live together.

是彼此享受情誼的地方。

And the second great thing about conservatives:

他們知道，這兩件事情都是必不可缺的。

they get ecology.

然後，第二件有關保守派的一個很了不起的是:

Right, it was the first great Republican president of the 20th century

他們了解這個生態。

who taught us about

沒錯，這是第一個20世紀的偉大共和黨總統

environmental thinking -- Teddy Roosevelt.

教導了我們

They first taught us about ecology

環境生態保護 --西奧多·羅斯福(Teddy Roosevelt.)

in the context of natural resources.

他們首先教導我們這個生態

And then they began to teach us in the context of

有關地球資源。

innovation, economics.

燃後他們開始教導我們有關

They understand, in that context,

創新力和經濟。

"free." They understand "free" is an important

他們了解，在那些情況下--

essential part of the

是免費的 -- 他們了解免費和分享是一個很重要的

cultural ecology as well.

也是不可或缺的

That's the thing I want you to think about them.

文化生態之一。

Now, I know

這就是我想要你們去思考有關他們的事。

you don't believe me, really, here.

現在我知道，

So here's exhibit number one.

我說這個，你們不相信我。

I want to share with you my latest hero, Julian Sanchez,

所以這是第一場展示會。

a libertarian who works at the, for many people,

我想要和你們分享我最近的一位英雄， Julian Sanchez，

"evil" Cato Institute.

他是一位圖書館管理員，但是很多人都認為

Okay, so Julian made this video.

他在一個叫做"邪惡"的卡托研究所(Cato Institute)的地方工作。

He's a terrible producer of videos,

因為這樣Julian做了一部短片。

but it's great content, so I'm going to give you a little bit of it.

他是一個很糟的短片編輯者，

So here he is beginning.

但是內容卻是很棒，所以我現在要給你們看看其中一小部分。

Julian Sanchez: I'm going to make an observation about the way

就從這裡開始吧。

remix culture seems to be evolving ...

Julian Sanchez:我現在要來做一項觀察

Larry Lessig: So what he does is he begins to tell us

混搭文化是如何發展的...

about these three videos.

Larry Lessig:所以他的做法就是先告訴我們

This is this fantastic Brat Pack remix

三部短片。

set to Lisztomania.

這是一個很酷的小子包混音(brat pack remix)

Which, of course, spread virally.

被稱為Lisztomania

Hugely successful.

當然，這很快就在網路上流傳開了。

(Music)

非常非常的成功。

And then some people from Brooklyn saw it.

(音樂)

They decided they wanted to do the same.

然後有一些人在布魯克林(Brooklyn)看到了這短片

(Music)

他們決定也要這樣做。

And then, of course, people from San Fransisco saw it.

(音樂)

And San Franciscans thought they had to do the same as well.

然後，有人在舊金山(San Fransisco)也看到了這部短片。

(Music)

舊金山的人認為他們也要這樣做部短片。

And so they're beautiful, but this libertarian

(音樂)

has some important lessons he wants us to learn from this.

這些短片多麼美麗，但是這位圖書管理員

Here's lesson number one.

有幾個很重要的訊息，想要我們從這學習。

JS: There's obviously also something really deeply great about this.

這是第一個:

They are acting in the sense that they're

JS:很顯然的，這是一個能讓你打從心裡覺得很棒的東西。

emulating the original mashup.

他們以感覺來模仿

And the guy who shot it obviously has a strong eye

原版的混搭音樂。

and some experience with video editing.

做這影片的人很明顯的有一種很強的觀察力

But this is also basically just a group of friends

還有一些影片編輯的經驗

having an authentic social moment

但是，基本上，這只是一群朋友

and screwing around together.

處於一個真實的社交狀態

It should feel familiar and kind of resonate

一起糊鬧一番。

for anyone who's had a sing-a-long or a dance party

對那些曾經自唱或是餐加舞會的人來說

with a group of good friends.

會覺得很熟悉，甚至有一種共鳴，

LL: Or ...

那種和一群好朋友在的感覺。

JS: So that's importantly different from the earlier videos we looked at

LL:或者...

because here, remix isn't just about

JS: 這和我們之前看到的影片非常的不一樣

an individual doing something alone in his basement;

因為在這，混搭不是單單的

it becomes an act of social creativity.

一個人獨自的在自己的地下室製作一部短片;

And it's not just that it yields

這變成了社群活動的一種。

a different kind of product at the end,

但是這不是

it's that potentially it changes the way that we relate to each other.

最後發展出的新產品

All of our normal social interactions

而是一部短片有一種潛力改變我們和其他人的關係。

become a kind of invitation

我們所有的社交互動

to this sort of collective expression.

變成了一種邀請

It's our real social lives themselves

變成了混搭這種集體表現。

that are transmuted into art.

我們真正的社群生活

LL: And so then, what this libertarian draws from these two points ...

蛻變成了藝術。

JS: One remix is about

LL:所以這位圖書館管理員從這兩點中領悟...

individuals using our shared culture

JS:一個混搭音樂是有關

as a kind of language to communicate something to an audience.

不同的人用我們所共享的文化

Stage two, social remix,

當做一種語言去和一位觀眾溝通。

is really about using it to mediate

第二階段，社群混搭，

people's relationships to each other.

其實是使用這個方式去傳達

First, within each video,

人和人之間的關係。

the Brat Pack characters are used as a kind of template

首先，在每個短片內，

for performing the social reality of each group.

小包子(brat pack)人物被當作一種模型架構

But there's also a dialogue between the videos,

讓每個團體演奏出他們真實的社群

where, once the basic structure is established,

但是這裡面，每個短片之中也有一段對話，

it becomes a kind of platform

當基本架構被設定後，

for articulating the similarities and differences

這變成了一種平台

between the groups' social and physical worlds.

給團體的社群與真實的話語中

LL: And then, here's for me,

讓相似和不同的意見一個清晰宏亮的發言權。

the critical key to what

LL:這對我來說，

Julian has to say ...

什麼是關鍵中的關鍵

JS: Copyright policy isn't just about

Julian想告訴大家。

how to incentivize the production

JS:版權政策不單單只是有關

of a certain kind of artistic commodity;

如何刺激

it's about what level of control

某個藝術產品的數量;

we're going to permit to be exercised

這是有關，要在哪種程度上的控制

over our social realities --

我們要允許，被實踐

social realities that are now inevitably

超越我們現今的社會現象。

permeated by pop culture.

現在的社會現象，無法避免的，

I think it's important that we

被流行文化瀰漫在空中。

keep these two different kinds of public goods in mind.

我認為一件很要的事就是我們

If we're only focused on how to maximize

要讓這兩種不同的公共產品放在心中

the supply of one,

如我我們只專注在如何

I think we risk suppressing

把其中一樣供給最大化，

this different and richer

我想我們面臨著減少

and, in some ways, maybe even more important one.

差異性與豐富性

LL: Right. Bingo. Point.

並且，在某方面來講，或許有一個更重要的。

Freedom needs this opportunity

LL:沒錯。賓果。重點。

to both have the commercial success

自由需要這個機會

of the great commercial works

給巨大的商業努力

and the opportunity

成功的機會

to build this different kind of culture.

也要有一個機會

And for that to happen, you need

去建構這些不同種的文化。

ideas like fair use to be central and protected,

為了實現這個，你需要

to enable this kind of innovation,

一些點子，像是合法使用範圍被重視與保護

as this libertarian tells us,

去開啟這種創新力，

between these two creative cultures,

像是這個自由主義者告訴我們的，

a commercial and a sharing culture.

在這兩個多元文化之中，

The point is they, he, here,

可以有一個商業文化與共享文化。

gets that culture.

重點是，他們，這個男的，這邊

Now, my concern is, we Dems,

了解那個文化。

too often, not so much.

現在，我擔心的是，我們民主黨的，

All right, take for example this great company.

太常，或許沒那麼常。

In the good old days when this Republican ran that company,

好吧，那拿這個大公司舉個例子好了。

their greatest work was work that built on the past, right.

在以前段那美好日子，當這個共和黨的經營那間公司時，

All of the great Disney works

他們最大的貢獻都是以前所建立的貢獻。

were works that took works that

所有迪士尼的那些輝煌成就

were in the public domain and remixed them,

都是在公有領域中的成就，

or waited until they entered the public domain to remix them,

然後經過了重新組合與調整

to celebrate this add-on remix creativity.

或者是等到這些專利權失效後，然後再重新組合這些創作，

Indeed, Mickey Mouse himself, of course,

去慶祝這個附屬的重新組合這個創意行為。

as "Steamboat Willie,"

確實，米老鼠他自己當然，

is a remix of the then, very dominant,

如同"汽船威利，"

very popular "Steamboat Bill"

是之後的一個重新組合，非常的佔優勢

by Buster Keaton.

非常熱門的"氣船威利"

This man was a remixer extraordinaire.

Buster Keaton所做的。

He is the celebration and ideal

這個人是一個非凡的重新組合者。

of exactly this kind of creativity.

他就是這種創意的

But then the company passes

慶祝者與理想者。

through this dark stage

但是之後這個公司面臨了

to this Democrat.

這個黑暗的階段

Wildly different.

到了這個民主黨。

This is the mastermind behind

非常的不一樣。

the eventual passage of what we call

這是一個策劃

the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act,

在背後漸漸的通過的法律，我們稱為

extending the term of existing copyrights

the Sonny Bono版權定義延伸法，

by 20 years,

來延伸現有的版權擁有權限

so that no one could do to Disney

到20年，

what Disney did to the Brothers Grimm.

這樣一來就沒有人能對迪士尼做一些

Now, when we tried to challenge this,

迪士尼對Nrothers Grimm所做的事情了。

going to the Supreme Court, getting the Supreme Court, the bunch of conservatives there --

現在，當我們想去挑戰這件事時，

if we could get them to wake up to this -- to strike it down,

我們去最高等法院，說服最高法院，也就是一對保守派的人--

we had the assistance of Nobel Prize winners

如果我們可以讓他們醒來 --去終止這項法令。

including this right-wing

我們有諾貝爾獎得主們幫助我們

Nobel Prize winner, Milton Friedman,

包括這個右翼派的人

who said he would join our brief

諾貝爾獎得主，Milton Friedman，

only if the word "no brainer"

他說他會加入我們的簡報

was in the brief somewhere.

但是一定要有"沒腦"這個字

(Laughter)

在簡報的某些地方被提及

But apparently, no brains

(笑聲)

existed in this place

但很明顯的，沒腦

when Democrats passed and signed

存在過這個地方

this bill into law.

當名主黨通過然後簽下了

Now, tiny little quibble of a footnote:

這個法案定成法律。

Sonny Bono, you might say, was a Republican,

這個一個小小的雙關註腳，

but I don't buy it.

Sonny Bono，你可能說，他是個共和黨派的，

This guy is no Republican.

但是我才不受騙。

Okay, for a second example,

這個人絕不是共和黨派的人。

think about this cultural hero,

那麼，第二個例子，

icon on the Left,

如果想一下這個文化英雄，

creator of this character.

左邊的這個偶像，

Look at the site that he built: "Star Wars" MashUps,

這個角色的創造人。

inviting people to come and use their creative energy

看它所建構的網站:星海戰爭版的混搭

to produce a new generation of attention

邀請大家參觀那個網頁，然後使用他們的創意

towards this extraordinarily important cultural icon.

對於這個非凡、重要的文化象徵

Read the license.

去發展出這個非凡、重要的文化象徵。

The license for these remixers

看一下這個許可證。

assigns all of the rights

給這些混搭者的許可證

to the remix back to Lucas.

把這些所有混搭的權利

The mashup is owned by Lucas.

歸還給Lucas

Indeed, anything you add to the mashup,

這個混搭音樂是屬於Lucas的。

music you might add,

確實，你能加任何東西進這個混搭，

Lucas has a worldwide perpetual right

你可以加入新的音樂，

to exploit that for free.

Lucas有一個全球性並且永久的權利

There is no creator here to be recognized.

把這個擁有權分享於大眾，免費化。

The creator doesn't have any rights.