it's about people and stories.

我想說的跟科技無關，

I could show you

而是關於人們與其背後的故事。

what recently was on television

我可以給大家看看

as a high quality video:

最近在電視上播出

60 Minutes, many of you may have seen it.

評價很高的

And it was the now director of the entire piece

「60分鐘」，大部分的人應該都有看過。

of the veteran's administration --

主角是現任的

who, himself, had lost an arm 39 years ago

退伍軍人協會會長，

in Vietnam --

他在39年前，在越南失去了

who was adamantly opposed to these crazy devices

一條手臂，

that don't work.

他很固執地拒絕使用以前那種

And it turns out that with 60 Minutes cameras rolling in the background,

不好用的義肢。

after he pretty much made his position clear on this --

當「60分鐘」一開始採訪他的時候，

he had his hook and he had his --

他立即表明他的立場，

he wore this arm for less than two hours

雖然他有那種有鈎子的義肢--

and was able to pour himself a drink and got quite emotional over the fact

他換上新式義肢不到二個小時，

that, quote -- his quote --

他就能自己倒水了，他激動地說，

it's the first time he's felt like he's had an arm in 39 years.

他說，

But that would sort of be jumping to the middle of the story,

這是他39年來第一次覺得自己的手臂又長回來了。

and I'm not going to show you that polished video.

我好像講得太快了，都跳到故事中段去了。

I'm going to, instead, in a minute or two,

我今天不想放那段修飾過的影片，

show you an early, crude video

我想要放的是更早之前拍的

because I think it's

一段較為寫實的一至二分鐘影片，

a better way to tell a story.

我覺得這段影片

A few years ago I was visited by

更能表達出真實的故事。

the guy that runs DARPA,

幾年前，國防部高等計畫

the people that fund all the advanced technologies

研究局的局長來找我，

that businesses and universities probably wouldn't take the risk of doing.

他們贊助的先進科技

They have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers.

是許多企業或大學認為不值得投資的科技，

I get this sort of unrequested -- by me anyway -- visit,

他們對可以協助軍人的科技特別感興趣。

and sitting in my conference room is a very senior surgeon

就這樣，我見了這個不速之客，

from the military

陪同局長坐在我的會議室的

and the guy that runs DARPA.

是軍中的一位

They proceed to tell me a story which comes down

資深外科手術醫生。

to basically the following. We have used such advanced technologies

他們告訴我一件事，

now and made them available

我們現在所使用的科技非常先進，

in the most remote places that we put soldiers:

就連遠在阿富汗、伊拉克

hills of Afghanistan, Iraq ...

山岳裡的軍人，

They were quite proud of the fact that

也都可以使用。

you know, before the dust clears,

他們覺得很驕傲，

if some soldier has been hurt

因為在戰事過後，

they will have collected him or her, they will have brought him back,

如果有士兵受傷了，

they will be getting world-class triage emergency care

他們很快就能把士兵救回來，送到醫院，

faster than you and I would be getting it if we were hurt

讓受傷的士兵接受世界級的急救醫療，

in a car accident in a major city in the United States.

其速度之快，比你我在美國各大都市發生車禍受傷，

That's the good news.

被送到醫院接受急救還要快。

The bad news is if they've collected this person

這很不錯，

and he or she is missing an arm or leg,

糟糕的是，若他們救回來的士兵，

part of the face, it's probably not coming back.

斷了一條手臂、斷了一條腿、

So, they started giving me the statistics on how many of these kids had lost an arm.

或毁容了，就很難回復到原來的狀況。

And then the surgeon pointed out, with a lot of anger,

他們告訴我這些士兵斷掉手臂的統計數據，

he said, "Why is it? At the end of the Civil War,

外科手術醫生則氣沖沖地說：

they were shooting each other with muskets. If somebody lost an arm,

「在南北戰爭的時候，

we gave them a wooden stick with a hook on it.

大家用的是毛瑟槍，如果有人斷了手臂，

Now we've got F18s and F22s,

我們就幫他們裝上一支木棍，外加一個鈎子。

and if somebody loses an arm,

我們現在都已經改用F18和F22戰機了，

we give them a plastic stick with a hook on it."

為什麼每當有人手臂斷掉時，

And they basically said, "This is unacceptable,"

我們還是只給他們一支塑膠棍子外加一個鈎子呢？」

and then the punchline: "So, Dean,

他們覺得這樣很不合理，

we're here because you make medical stuff.

最後他們說：「迪恩，

You're going to give us an arm."

我知道你有製作醫療器材，

And I was waiting for the 500 pages of bureaucracy,

你一定要幫我們做出一支手臂來。」

paperwork and DODs.

那時我想，或許他們會給我一份高達500頁的

No, the guy says,

官樣文章，

"We're going to bring a guy into this conference room,

結果沒有。局長說：

and wearing the arm you're going to give us,

「我們會請一位斷了手臂的士兵來這裡，

he or she is going to pick up a raisin or a grape

試戴你為我們設計的義肢，

off this table.

他要能用那支義肢拿起桌上的葡萄乾

If it's the grape, they won't break it."

或葡萄，

Great he needs efferent, afferent, haptic response sensors.

而不會把葡萄捏碎。」

"If it's the raisin, they won't drop it."

哦！他們要的就是要具備傳出、傳入的功能，還要有觸覺。

So he wants fine motor control: flex at the wrist,

「也不會把葡萄乾掉在地上。」

flex at the elbow, abduct and flex at the shoulder.

他要能控制細部動作，手腕要能彎曲，

Either way they were going to eat it.

手肘要能彎曲，肩膀要能彎曲和伸展，

"Oh, by the way Dean. It's going to fit on a 50th percentile female frame --

不管怎樣就是要把食物送進嘴裡就是了。

namely 32 inches from the long finger --

「對了，迪恩，我們要的是一般女人尺寸的義肢，

and weigh less than nine pounds."

也就是從肩膀到手指長約80公分，

50th percentile female frame.

重量不超過4公斤的義肢。

"And it's going to be completely self contained including all its power."

也就是一般女人的尺寸，

So, they finished that. And I, as you can tell,

裡面要有所有的功能，當然還要包含電力供應系統。」

am a bashful guy.

他們說完了。但我，你看得出來

I told them they're nuts.

我是個腼腆的人，

(Laughter)

我告訴他們，他們瘋了。

They've been watching too much "Terminator."

(笑聲)

(Laughter)

他們大概看太多「魔鬼終結者」了。

Then, the surgeon says to me,

(笑聲)

"Dean, you need to know

接著，外科手術醫生告訴我：

more than two dozen of these kids have come back

「迪恩，你必須知道，

bilateral."

有超過24個士兵

Now, I cannot imagine --

是雙臂全斷的。」

I'm sorry, you may have a better

我真的很難想像，

imagination than I do --

你們可能比我

I can't imagine losing my arm,

更能想像吧...

and typically at 22 years old.

我不能想像失去手臂的感覺，

But compared to that, losing two?

尤其是在22歲這麼年輕的時候；

Seems like that would be an inconvenience.

但失去一條手臂和失去雙臂比起來，

Anyway, I went home that night. I thought about it.

似乎只是稍微有點不方便而已。

I literally could not sleep

總之，我那晚回到家，我思考著這件事，

thinking about, "I wonder how you'd roll over

無法入眠，

with no shoulders."

因為我在想，如果沒有肩膀，

So, I decided we've got to do this.

要怎麼翻身？

And trust me, I've got a day job, I've got a lot of day jobs.

因此，我決定要開發這種義肢。

Most of my day job keeps me busy

相信我，我那時有白天的工作，有好幾個白天的工作，

funding my fantasies like FIRST and water and power ....

這些工作主要是為我手上的幾個專案

And I've got a lot of day jobs.

籌募資金，像是創新專案和水電專案等。

But I figured I gotta do this.

雖然我已經有這麼多事要做，

Did a little investigation,

但我想：「這件事一定要做。」

went down to Washington, told them

我做了一些調查，

I still think they're nuts but we're going to do it.

然後我跑到華盛頓去告訴他們，

And I told them I'd build them an arm.

我還是覺得他們瘋了，但我們會盡力開發。

I told them it would probably take five years to get through the FDA,

我告訴他們我會開發這種義肢，

and probably 10 years to be reasonably functional.

然後大概要等上五年FDA(食品藥物管理局)才會通過，

Look what it takes to make things like iPods.

我估計大概要十年才能讓義肢運作。

"Great," he said, "You got two years."

你看看iPod花了多少時間才上市。

(Laughter)

局長說：「很好，你只有二年時間。」

I said, "I'll tell you what. I'll build you an arm

(笑聲)

that's under nine pounds

我說：「這麼說吧，開發這個

that has all that capability in one year.

不到4公斤的義肢，

It will take the other nine to make it functional and useful."

裡面還要有這麼多功能，只需要一年時間；

We sort of agreed to disagree.

但要讓義肢變得好用並順利運作，得花另外九年的時間。」

I went back and I started putting a team together,

我們都瞭解彼此的看法了。

the best guys I could find with a passion to do this.

我回去組了一個團隊，

At the end of exactly one year

團隊裡都是具有無比熱情的菁英份子。

we had a device with 14 degrees of freedom,

在一年過去之後，

all the sensors, all the microprocessors,

我們開發出一個可以自由活動14度的義肢，

all the stuff inside.

裡面有好幾組感知器和微處理器，

I could show you it with a cosmesis on it

還有各項必備零件。

that's so real it's eerie, but then you wouldn't see

我可以給你們看包覆了人工皮膚之後的樣子，

all this cool stuff.

看起來就像真的手臂一樣，但你們就看不到

I then thought it would be years

裡面那些很酷的零件了。

before we'd be able to make it really, really useful.

我接著想到或許還要好幾年

It turned out, as I think you could see

才能把這種義肢修正到真正好用的狀況，

in Aimee's capabilities and attitudes,

但後來，從艾美(Aimee Mullins)的能力和態度

people with a desire to do something

我想你們也看得到，

are quite remarkable and nature is quite adaptable.

只要有心就能把事情做得很棒，

Anyway, with less than 10 hours of use,

人們有很強的適應力。

two guys -- one that's bilateral.

總之，有二個人試用了不到十小時，

He's literally, he's got no shoulder on one side,

其中一個人雙臂斷掉，

and he's high trans-humeral on the other.

有一邊連肩膀也沒有，

And that's Chuck and Randy together,

另一邊則齊肩斷掉。

after 10 hours -- were playing in our office.

這二位是恰克和藍迪，

And we took some pretty cruddy home movies.

十個小時之後，他們就在我們的辦公室玩起來了，

At the end of the one I'm going to show, it's only about a minute

於是我們幫他們錄下了一些可愛的片段。

and a couple of seconds long,

我要播放的影片大概只有一分多鐘，

Chuck does something that to this day I'm jealous of,

但在影片的最後，

I can't do it.

恰克做了一件讓我到現在都還很嫉妒的事，

He picks up a spoon, picks it up,

因為我做不到：

scoops out some Shredded Wheat and milk,

他把一支湯匙拿起來，

holds the spoon level

挖出一些燕麥糊，

as he translates it, moving all these joints simultaneously,

把湯匙放平，

to his mouth, and he doesn't drop any milk.

然後想辦法同時移動所有的關節，

(Laughter)

把東西送進嘴裡，連一滴也沒有掉下來。

I cannot do that.

(笑聲)

(Laughter)

我就做不到。

His wife was standing behind me.

(笑聲)

She's standing behind me at the time

他太太那時站在我後面，

and she says, "Dean,

就站在我後面，

Chuck hasn't fed himself in 19 years.

她說：「迪恩，

So, you've got a choice:

恰克已經有19年沒有自己吃東西了，

We keep the arm, or you keep Chuck."

所以你可以選擇

(Laughter) (Applause)

把義肢交給我們，或是我們把恰克留給你。」

So, can we see that?

(笑聲)

This is Chuck showing simultaneous control

現在可以看影片了嗎？

of all the joints.

現在恰克在示範如何同時控制

He's punching our controls guy. The guy behind him

所有的關節，

is our engineer/surgeon,

他在對我們的控制工程師出拳，在他身後的人

which is a convenient guy to have around.

是我們的工程師兼外科醫生，

There's Randy, these guys are passing a rubber

有他在身邊我們比較放心。

little puck between them.

這是藍迪，他們二個在互傳

And just as in the spirit of FIRST,

一個橡膠球。

gracious professionalism, they are quite proud of this,

就如同我旗下的創新基金會的成立宗旨一樣，

so they decide to share a drink.

這具有高尚、專業的精神，他們很自豪，

This is a non-trivial thing to do, by the way.

所以決定來喝一杯。

Imagine doing that with a wooden stick and a hook on the end of it,

這可不是一件簡單的事，

doing either of those.

想像一下，如果你的義肢是一枝木棍外加一個鈎子，

Now Chuck is doing something quite extraordinary,

你能做到這些事嗎？

at least for my limited physical skill.

現在，恰克要做一件了不起的事，

And now he's going to do what DARPA asked me for.

而我從來都做不來這件事。

He's going to pick up a grape -- he didn't drop it,

現在，他要做的是國防部要求我要做到的，

he didn't break it --

就是要拿起一顆葡萄，他沒有落掉那顆葡萄，

and he's going to eat it.

也沒有捏碎它，

So, that's where we were

他要把它放進嘴裡了。

at the end of about 15 months.

這就是我們開發了

(Applause)

15個月的成果。

But, as I've learned from Richard,

(掌聲)

the technology, the processors, the sensors, the motors,

但是，我從理察那裡知道，

is not the story.

技術、處理器、感知器和馬達這一類的東西，

I hadn't dealt with this kind of problem

全都不重要，

or frankly, this whole segment

我還沒見識過

of the medical world.

整個醫療體系

I'll give you some astounding things that have happened

的厲害呢！

as we started this.

我來告訴各位一些我們在開發過程中，所遇到的各種

After we were pretty much convinced we had a good design,

令人驚訝的事。

and we'd have to make all the standard engineering trade-offs you always make --

在我們以為自己的設計沒什麼問題之後，

you can always get three out of four of anything you want;

我們做了許多工程上的標準取捨程序，

the weight, the size, the cost, the functionality --

也就是在四種東西裡面選出三種好的，

I put a bunch of guys in my plane

像是在重量、大小、成本和功能之中進行挑選。

and I said, "We're flying down to Walter Reed, and we're going talk to these kids,

我把大家都送上我的飛機，

because frankly it doesn't matter whether we like this arm.

然後告訴他們，我們要飛到華特里德醫院，和那些受傷的士兵訪談。

It doesn't matter whether the

老實說，我們喜不喜歡那些義肢並不重要，

Department of Defense likes this arm."

國防部喜不喜歡

When I told them that they weren't entirely enthusiastic,

也不重要，

but I told them, "It really doesn't matter what their opinion is.

當然，當我告訴國防部這個事實時，他們並不高興，

There is only one opinion that matters,

但我告訴他們，他們的意見並不重要，

the kids that are either going to use it or not."

我們只重視一種意見，

I told a bunch of my engineers, "Look we're going to walk into Walter Reed,

就是那些受傷士兵的意見，他們想不想用才重要。

and you're going to see people, lots of them,

我告訴我們的工程師：「我們現在要去華特里德醫院，

missing major body parts.

你們會看到很多

They're probably going to be angry, depressed, frustrated.

失去手腳的人，

We're probably going to have to give them support, encouragement.

他們可能會很生氣、憤怒或沮喪，

But we've got to extract from them

我們應該要支持他們，給他們鼓勵，

enough information to make sure we're doing the right thing."

但我們要從他們那裡知道

We walked into Walter Reed and I could not have been more wrong.

我們到底做得對不對。」

We did see a bunch of people,

當我們走進華特里德醫院之後，我才發現我大錯特錯。

a lot of them missing a lot of body parts,

我們確實看到很多人，

and parts they had left were burned;

很多失去手腳的人，

half a face gone, an ear burned off.

有人殘餘的肢體有燒傷的痕跡，

They were sitting at a table. They were brought together for us.

有人半邊臉不見了，有人的耳朵被燒掉了。

And we started asking them all questions.

他們都圍坐在一張桌子邊，他們是為我們的到訪而聚集在那裡，

"Look," I'd say to them, "We're not quite as good as nature yet.

所以我們開始問他們問題，

I could give you fine motor control,

像是：「我們還沒辦法做到跟天生的肢體一樣，

or I could let you curl 40 pounds;

但我可以讓你做到細部動作控制，

I probably can't do both.

或是讓你拿起20公斤重的東西，

I can give you fast control

但沒辦法同時做這二件事。

with low reduction ratios in these gears,

我可以用低耗損率的齒輪

or I can give you power;

讓你快速控制你的義肢，

I can't give you both.

或是讓你產生力量，

And we were trying to get them to all help us

但沒辦法同時做到這二者。

know what to give them.

我們希望他們全都能幫我們

Not only were they enthusiastic, they kept thinking

瞭解他們的需求，

they're there to help us.

但他們表現得太積極了，他們不斷地想

"Well, would it help if I ..."

有什麼可以幫助我們的。

"Guys, and woman,

「嗯，如果我這樣做，可以幫到你們嗎？」

you've given enough.

各位，

We're here to help you. We need data. We need to know

你們給的夠多了，

what you need."

我們是來幫助你們的，我們需要你們提供資料，

After a half an hour, maybe, there was one guy at the far end of the table