what it could be,

我希望幫助各位重新認識慈善事業，

and what your relationship to it is.

看到它的可能性，

And in doing that, I want to offer you a vision,

以及它跟你的關係。

an imagined future, if you will,

為了要這樣做，我要向你展示一個遠景，

of how, as the poet Seamus Heaney has put it,

一個想像中的未來樣貌，

"Once in a lifetime

就如詩人 Seamus Heaney 所說，

the longed-for tidal wave of justice can rise up,

「人的一生中總有一次，

and hope and history rhyme."

一直盼望的正義之潮會升起，

I want to start with these word pairs here.

而希望正和歷史合奏著。」

We all know which side of these we'd like to be on.

我想從這幾對字詞開始。

When philanthropy was reinvented a century ago,

我們都知道我們想身於哪一方。

when the foundation form was actually invented,

一個世紀前，當慈善事業進行重整，

they didn't think of themselves on the wrong side of these either.

開始出現基金會的形式時，

In fact they would never have thought of themselves

他們也沒有想到自己會屬於錯的這一方。

as closed and set in their ways,

他們從沒想到自己會是

as slow to respond to new challenges,

封閉、故步自封，

as small and risk-averse.

對新挑戰反應緩慢，

And in fact they weren't. They were reinventing charity in those times,

渺小而且經不起風險。

what Rockefeller called "the business of benevolence."

而事實上他們也不是。他們改革當時的慈善事業，

But by the end of the 20th century,

洛克費羅稱為「慈善生意」。

a new generation of critics and reformers

但到了二十世紀末，

had come to see philanthropy just this way.

新一代的評論家和改革者

The thing to watch for

指出了慈善事業的這些缺失。

as a global philanthropy industry comes about --

我們可以觀察到

and that's exactly what is happening --

全球慈善行業的走向，

is how the aspiration is to flip

目前正出現一股

these old assumptions,

強烈的企圖，

for philanthropy to become open and big

要翻轉這些舊有的認定，

and fast and connected, in service of the long term.

企圖使慈善事業變得開放而且強大，

This entrepreneurial energy

快捷而且緊密連結，可以持續地為社會服務。

is emerging from many quarters.

這股具有企業精神的力量

And it's driven and propelled forward by new leaders, like many of the people here,

正從各個角落出現，

by new tools, like the ones we've seen here,

在各位當中有些人正是新一代的領導者，

and by new pressures.

而我們剛才所見到的新工具，

I've been following this change for quite a while now, and participating in it.

以及新的壓力，也形成推動的力量。

This report is our main public report.

我長期觀察並參與這樣的轉變。

What it tells is the story of how today

這份報告是我們的主要公開報告。

actually could be as historic

而它會告訴你如今這個時代

as 100 years ago.

就如同一百年前一樣

What I want to do is share some of the coolest things

具有歷史意義。

that are going on with you.

我想與各位分享一些

And as I do that, I'm not going to dwell much

正在發生的最酷的事情。

on the very large philanthropy that everybody already knows about --

但我不會講太多

the Gates or the Soros or the Google.

那些家傳戶曉的大型慈善事業，

Instead, what I want to do

如蓋茨、索羅斯、Google等等。

is talk about the philanthropy of all of us:

相反的，我想講的是

the democratization of philanthropy.

屬於我們所有人的慈善事業，

This is a moment in history when the average person

慈善事業的民主化。

has more power than at any time.

在今天，一個普通人所擁有的力量，

What I'm going to do is look at five categories of experiments,

是歷史上前所未有的強大。

each of which challenges an old assumption of philanthropy.

現在來看看五種類型的實驗，

The first is mass collaboration, represented here by Wikipedia.

每一種都挑戰一項對慈善事業的既有認定。

Now, this may surprise you.

第一種是群體協作，代表者有維基百科(Wikipedia)。

But remember, philanthropy is about giving of time and talent, not just money.

這可能會令你如夢初醒，

Clay Shirky, that great chronicler of everything networked,

但記著，慈善不止於金錢上的捐獻，也可以奉獻時間和才能。

has captured the assumption that this challenges

Clay Shirky這位網路發展的觀察者，

in such a beautiful way.

把這實驗如何推翻固有的認定

He said, "We have lived in this world

作出很好的註解。

where little things are done for love

他說：「我們所在的世界，

and big things for money.

是只能為愛做小事、

Now we have Wikipedia.

為錢做大事的世界。

Suddenly big things can be done for love."

而現在我們有了維基百科(Wikipedia)。

Watch, this spring, for Paul Hawken's new book --

突然之間，也可以為愛做成大事。」

Author and entrepreneur many of you may know about.

今年春天，留意Paul Hawken的新書，

The book is called "Blessed Unrest."

大家可能都認識這位作家及企業家。

And when it comes out, a series of wiki sites

這本書名為「蒙福的動盪」。

under the label WISER, are going to launch at the same time.

在它出版時，名為 "WISER" 的一系列維基網站

WISER stands for World Index

也將會同時上線。

for Social and Environmental Responsibility.

WISER 所代表的是

WISER sets out to document, link and empower

「世界社會及環境責任指數」。

what Paul calls the largest movement,

WISER 的宗旨是記錄、連結和推動

and fastest-growing movement in human history:

Paul 所說的人類史上規模最大、

humanity's collective immune response

發展最快的行動。

to today's threats.

可以說是人類對現有威脅的

Now, all of these big things for love -- experiments --

集體免疫反應。

aren't going to take off.

但是，這些為愛做大事的實驗

But the ones that do

並不是每一個都能成功。

are going to be the biggest, the most open,

但是那些能夠成功的，

the fastest, the most connected form of philanthropy in human history.

將成為人類史上最大、最開放、

Second category is online philanthropy marketplaces.

最敏捷、最相連的慈善事業。

This is, of course, to philanthropy

第二種是網上慈善賣場。

what eBay and Amazon are to commerce.

這些賣場對於慈善事業，

Think of it as peer-to-peer philanthropy.

正如eBay和Amazon對於傳統商業的意義一樣。

And this challenges yet another assumption,

將它想像成一對一的慈善事業。

which is that organized philanthropy is only for the very wealthy.

它挑戰另一項認定，

Take a look, if you haven't, at DonorsChoose.

就是有組織的慈善事業是富人的專利。

Omidyar Network has made a big investment in DonorsChoose.

如果你還不知道的話，請看DonorsChoose網站。

It's one of the best known of these new marketplaces

DonorsChoose已獲得Omidyar Network的鉅額投資。

where a donor can go straight into a classroom

它是知名度最高的新賣場之一，

and connect with what a teacher says they need.

捐贈者可以直接進入一間教室，

Take a look at Changing the Present,

與教師連結，瞭解他們所需要的是什麼。

started by a TEDster, next time you need a wedding present or a holiday present.

下次你要買結婚禮物或節日禮物，請逛一逛Changing the Present,

GiveIndia is for a whole country.

這是由一名 TED 會員所設立的。

And it goes on and on.

GiveIndia 是為印度這個國家捐獻。

The third category is represented by Warren Buffet,

這樣的例子數之不盡。

which I call aggregated giving.

第三種類型以巴菲特為代表，

It's not just that Warren Buffet was so amazingly generous

我稱它為集資捐獻。

in that historic act last summer.

巴菲特去年夏天的這項歷史性創舉，

It's that he challenged another assumption,

不只是因為他的慷慨捐獻而偉大，

that every giver should have his or her own

而是他打破了另一項認定，

fund or foundation.

證明並不是每一個捐獻者都必須

There are now, today, so many new funds

成立自己的基金或基金會。

that are aggregating giving and investing,

現在有很多新的慈善基金

bringing together people

是採用集資捐獻及投資，

around a common goal, to think bigger.

把人們集合起來，

One of the best known is Acumen Fund, led by Jacqueline Novogratz,

為共同的目標提供更大規模的捐獻。

a TEDster who got a big boost here at TED.

當中最廣為人知的是 Acumen Fund, 由 Jacqueline Novogratz 帶領，

But there are many others: New Profit in Cambridge,

她是一位 TED 會員，從 TED 這裡得到大力幫助。

New School's Venture Fund in Silicon Valley,

但當然不止於此。在劍橋的 New Profit,

Venture Philanthropy Partners in Washington,

矽谷的 New School's Venture Fund,

Global Fund for Women in San Francisco.

華府的 Venture Philanthropy Partners

Take a look at these.

及三藩市的 Global Fund For Women.

These funds are to philanthropy

觀察這些例子，

what venture capital, private equity, and eventually mutual funds

這些基金與慈善事業的關係，

are to investing,

和風險投資、私人資本、共同基金等，

but with a twist --

與投資項目之間的關係類似。

because often a community forms around these funds,

但當然不完全一樣，

as it has at Acumen and other places.

因為通常一個社群將會伴隨這些基金形成，

Now, imagine for a second

就如 Acumen 及其他基金的例子。

these first three types of experiments:

現在，想像一下

mass collaboration, online marketplaces, aggregated giving.

前面三種類型的實驗：

And understand how they help us re-perceive

群體協作、網上賣場、集資捐獻。

what organized philanthropy is.

了解它們如何幫助我們重新認識

It's not about foundations necessarily; it's about the rest of us.

有組織的慈善事業。

And imagine the mash-up, if you will, of these things, in the future,

不一定屬於基金會，而是屬於我們所有人的。

when these things come together in the experiments of the future --

再想像一下，當這些混搭元素

imagine that somebody puts up, say,

未來相互結合，進行更多實驗 －

100 million dollars

例如有人提出目標，

for an inspiring goal --

價值一億美元的

there were 21 gifts of 100 million dollars or more in the US last year,

群體捐獻目標 －

not out of the question --

去年在美國有21筆捐獻的單筆金額超過一億美元，

but only puts it up if it's matched

這並不是不可能的 －

by millions of small gifts from around the globe,

但達到這個目標的方法

thereby engaging lots of people,

是募集全球數百萬筆的小型捐獻。

and building visibility and engaging people

所以它能使許多人參與在其中，

in the goal that's stated.

建立其公信力，吸引人群參與，

I'm going to look quickly at the fourth and fifth categories,

以達成所設立的目標。

which are innovation, competitions and social investing.

我會很快地說明第四及第五種類型，

They're betting a visible competition, a prize,

也就是創新、競爭及社會投資。

can attract talent and money to some of the most difficult issues,

以實際的競賽、獎項，

and thereby speed the solution.

吸引人才及資金，對付一些最困難的議題，

This tackles yet another assumption,

加快解決議題的腳步。

that the giver and the organization is at the center,

這挑戰了另一項認定，

as opposed to putting the problem at the center.

就是以捐贈者及組織為中心，

You can look to these innovators

而不是以問題為主。

to help us especially with things that require

你可以依賴這些革新者，

technological or scientific solution.

來幫助我們解決問題，

That leaves the final category, social investing,

特別是需要科技支援的問題。

which is really, anyway, the biggest of them all,

最後一種類型，社會投資，

represented here by Xigi.net.

從任何方面來說，這都是在五種類型當中最大的一個。

And this, of course, tackles the biggest assumption of all,

以 Xigi.net 為代表。

that business is business,

當然，這是要挑戰最大的認定，

and philanthropy is the vehicle of people who want to create change in the world.

就是在商言商，

Xigi is a new community site

而慈善是由一班想改變世界的人所推動。

that's built by the community,

Xigi 是一個新的社群網站，

linking and mapping this new social capital market.

由社群所創立，

It lists already 1,000 entities

把這最新的社會資本市場連結起來。

that are offering debt and equity for social enterprise.

它列出一千個為社會企業

So we can look to these innovators

提供借貸及資本的組織。

to help us remember

所以這群革新者

that if we can leverage even a small amount of the capital

提醒了我們，

that seeks a return,

即使運用很少的資金

the good that can be driven could be astonishing.

去追求報酬，

Now, what's really interesting here

所能推動的善行也很驚人。

is that we're not thinking our way

而最有趣的是，

into a new way of acting;

我們不是透過思想

we're acting our way into a new way of thinking.

去啟發新一種行為。

Philanthropy is reorganizing itself

我們正以行動啟動新一波的思維。

before our very eyes.

慈善事業正在我們眼前

And even though all of the experiments and all of the big givers

徹底重整。

don't yet fulfill this aspiration,

就算這些實驗和所有的大慈善家

I think this is the new zeitgeist:

還沒有實現這個企圖，

open, big, fast, connected,

我想這就是新的時代精神：

and, let us also hope, long.

開放、強大、快捷、相互連結。

We have got to realize that it is going to take a long time to do these things.

而且希望可以長久持續。

If we don't develop the stamina to stick with things --

我們必須明白，這些事不是一朝一夕可以完成的。

whatever it is you pick, stick with it --

如果我們沒有毅力去堅持 －

all of this stuff is just going to be, you know, a fad.

無論你選擇了什麼，堅持著 －

But I'm really hopeful.

所有東西都只會淪為一時的風潮。

And I'm hopeful because it's not only philanthropy

但我是滿懷希望的。

that's reorganizing itself,

而我充滿希望是因為

it's also whole other portions of the social sector,

不止是慈善事業在進行重整。

and of business,

而是其他所有的社會組織

that are busy challenging "business as usual."

以及商業組織，

And everywhere I go, including here at TED,

都在挑戰過去習以為常的做法。

I feel that there is a new moral hunger

我所到的每一個地方，包括在 TED 這裡，

that is growing.

我也感受到對道德的一股新的渴望，

What we're seeing is people really wrestling

正在不斷成長。

to describe what is this new thing that's happening.

我們看到人們絞盡腦汁

Words like "philanthrocapitalism,"

要描述正在發生的這件事情。

and "natural capitalism," and "philanthroentrepreneur,"

出現了如「慈善資本主義」、

and "venture philanthropy."

「自然資本主義」、「慈善企業家」

We don't have a language for it yet.

以及「慈善風險投資」等各種名稱。

Whatever we call it,

我們暫時沒有專門的用語。

it's new, it's beginning,

但無論我們怎樣稱呼它，

and I think it's gong to quite significant.

這是新的，這是起步，

And that's where my imagined future comes in,

而且我想它會是很重要的。

which I am going to call the social singularity.

這與我所想像的未來有關，

Many of you will realize that I'm ripping a bit off of the science fiction writer

我將把它稱為 "社會奇異點" 。

Vernor Vinge's notion of a technological singularity,

你們當中有些人知道我借用了科幻小說家

where a number of trends accelerate and converge

Vernor Vinge "科技奇異點" 的概念，

and come together to create, really, a shockingly new reality.

當幾個不同的趨勢加速並聚合的時候，

It may be that the social singularity

將共同創造一個令人震撼的新世界。

ahead is the one that we fear the most:

我們將面臨的社會奇異點，

a convergence of catastrophes,

正是我們最害怕的。

of environmental degradation,

當不同的災難一同發生，

of weapons of mass destruction, of pandemics,

如環境破壞、

of poverty.

大規模毀滅性武器、流行疫症，

That's because

以及貧窮。

our ability to confront the problems that we face

這是因為

has not kept pace with our ability to create them.

我們解決所遭遇問題的能力，

And as we've heard here,

遠比我們製造問題的能力慢。

it is no exaggeration to say

就如我們剛才所聽到的，

that we hold the future of our civilization in our hands

要說我們對人類文明的未來

as never before.

有著前所未有的掌握能力，

The question is, is there a positive social singularity?

其實一點也不誇張。

Is there a frontier for us

問題是，有沒有正面的社會奇異點？

of how we live together?

有沒有一個先例可以啟示我們

Our future doesn't have to be imagined.

要如何共同生活？

We can create a future where hope and history rhyme.

我們的未來不需要只憑空想像。

But we have a problem.

我們可以創造一個未來，讓今日的希望成為明日的歷史。

Our experience to date, both individually and collectively,

但我們有一個問題。

hasn't prepared us for what we're going to need to do,

到今天為止，我們的經驗，無論是個人或集體的，

or who we're going to need to be.

都不足以預備我們面對未來將要做的，

We are going to need

或是我們將要成為的未來。

a new generation of citizen leaders

我們會需要

willing to commit ourselves to growing and changing and learning

新一代的公民領袖，

as rapidly as possible.

願意身體力行去不斷成長，

That's why I have one last thing I want to show you.

快速地轉變及學習。

This is a photograph taken about 100 years ago

因此，我有最後一件東西想給大家看。

of my grandfather and great-grandfather.

這張照片攝於大約一百年前，

This is a newspaper publisher and a banker.

相中人是我的祖父和曾祖父。

And they were great community leaders.

他們是日報發行人和銀行家，

And, yes, they were great philanthropists.

也是傑出的社群領袖。

I keep this photograph close by to me --

而且，沒錯，他們都是大慈善家。

it's in my office --

這張照片和我形影不離。

because I've always felt a mystical connection to these two men,

我把它放在我的辦公室裡。

both of whom I never knew.

因為我總感覺到和這兩位我從不認識的長輩

And so, in their honor,

有一種神祕的聯繫。

I want to offer you this blank slide.

所以，以他們之名，