So today I'm back with another video about second language acquisition research.

今天又有個影片來聊第二外語習得的研究

So what we're gonna talk about today is again, vocabulary

今天要聊的呢～又是單字

'cause I get so many questions about vocabulary How to review.

因為很多人問我背單字相關的問題，怎麼複習啊

How I should learn vocabulary.

該怎麼學新的單字呀

'cause I know people suffer a lot from this We all know that reviewing is key to retention

因為我知道大家都很掙扎於背單字 我們都知道記得單字的關鍵是複習

Retention means to like keep the word in your memory

Retention指的就是長期在記憶中保留這個單字

The question for today is: how often should we review vocabulary for long-term retention?

今天探討的問題是：我們應該多常複習單字，才能達到長期記憶？

In other words, how often should I review so that I never forget again?

換句話說，我要多常複習，才永遠不會再忘記？

Actually, researchers have looked into this topic before.

事實上，學者探討過這個問題

Umm trying to see what kind of study intervals would affect retention.

嘗試不同的時間間隔，看這樣如何影響記憶

So today we're gonna look at a longitudinal research that lasted for 9 years.

今天我們要來看一個長達九年的研究

And see what kind of learning pattern would help long-term vocabulary retention.

看看怎麼樣的學習方式可以幫助單字的長期記憶

Without further ado, let's get into the video.

廢話不多說，我們快點進入影片吧

This is a longitudinal research that lasted for 9 years.

這是一個為期長達九年的研究

4 participants were exposed to 300 new words.

四個受試者接觸300個新的單字

These 300 words were divided into 6 groups.With 50 words in one group.

這300個單字被分成六組，每組50個單字

These six groups were assigned to 14, 28, and 56 days of spacing.

這六組被分配到14, 28, 56天的時間間隔

At the same time, they are also assigned to 13 or 26 sessions.

同時也被分配到13次或26次的複習

This is a 2X3 factorial design.

這是一個2X3的變因設計

After the sessions, the researcher followed up with retention tests 1, 2, 3 and 5 years

這些複習的次數結束之後，研究者在一、二、三、五年之後，都各做了一次記憶測試

later, to see how many words these participants remember.

看受試者記得多少單字

So I know the design of this research is a little bit complicated.

好，我知道這個研究的設計看起來很複雜

But let me tell you what the results were.

不過來跟你說一下結果

In this research, these people reviewed the vocabulary once in 14, 28 or 56 days.

在這個研究中，受試者每14, 28或56天就複習一次單字

But no matter how often they review, they need to review 7 times.

不過不管他們隔多久複習，都需要至少複習七次

In other words, after 7 sessions, they remember most of the vocabulary.

換句話說，複習七次之後，他們才記得了大部分的單字

This is a number to aim for.

這是一個可以訂為目標的數目

Another result was pretty intuitive.

另外一個結果還蠻直觀的

The group of words that were reviewed every 56 days were difficult for the learners to

每56天才複習一次的單字組比較難被受試者記得

remember since they only encounter these words every 2 months.

畢竟他們將近兩個月才看到一次這些單字

On the other hand, the learners performed better on the groups that were reviewed every

另一方面，受試者在複習以14天為間隔的單字時，表現比較好

14 days.

他們在這些組裡，記得比較多單字

They remember more words from these groups.

然而，研究者在接續年間做的記憶測試中發現

However, the researchers did follow-up retention tests and found out that more vocabulary was

記得比較多的，其實是56天間隔的組

remembered from the 56-day groups.

這些每56天才複習一次的單字，一開始比較難學

The words that were reviewed every 56 days were difficult to learn in the first place

不過卻被記得的比較久

but were remembered by the participants longer.

老實說，我完全沒有想到會是這樣的結果，很有趣～

To be honest, I didn't expect this result from the research and this is a really interesting

換句話說，較長的複習間隔，反而讓受試者比較容易回想起背過的單字

finding.

即使一開始學習時比較困難

In other words, longer intervals resulted in higher recall rate, regardless of the really

五年之後卻記得比較多

difficult process of acquisition in the first place.

真的很驚人

They did really well 5 years later.

現在我們來看看我們可以從這個研究學到什麼

This is really amazing.

首先，就如我剛剛說的，不管多久複習一次，至少要複習七次

So now we're gonna look at the takeaway for the learners.

也就是說你可以每兩天、三天或七天複習一次

Number 1, as I said, no matter how often you review, 7 session is the number to aim for

你自己的選擇，不過至少要複習七次才能記得這個單字

acquisition, which means that you could review once in 2 days, 3 days, 7 days.

第二，在考試前填鴨很多單字好像很有效率

It's your choice, but you have to review for at least 7 times to remember a word.

但是學習的目標應該是長期記憶

Number 2, cramming a lot of vocabulary before exams may seem really efficient.

反覆練習在單字學習上常被強調，不過在這個研究中，我們發現

However, long-term memory should be the goal that learners aim for.

較長的複習間隔反而促使更長久的記憶，也就是說你可以

Repetition has always been emphasized in vocabulary acquisition but in this research, we can see

久久複習一次，重點是要持續複習，長久下來

that longer intervals actually result in longer memory retention, which means that you could

你就很難再忘記了

review once in a very long time, but as long as you keep on doing it, in the long run,

第三，如果你在外語課上學到東西，然後頭五年都還記得

you don't forget it anymore.

那麼接下來的25年，你都很難再忘記

Number 3, if you learn something in a foreign language classroom and remember it for the

下次當你在計劃你的複習進度時，盡量包含長跟短的複習間隔

first five years.

例如，假設你在學一個新的單字清單，就盡量常複習

In the following 25 years, it is very unlikely that you are going to forget about it.

可能每三天或一個禮拜複習一次

Next time when you plan your review sessions, try to incorporate both short and long intervals.

複習七次之後，就像之前說的，七次下來也會記得差不多

For example, if you're trying to learn a new list, review it more often.

七次之後，你可能可以每兩三個月複習一次

Maybe review it once in 3 days or once in a week.

目標是長期記憶

After 7 sessions, as we said, 7 sessions is the number to aim for for vocabulary acquisition.

較長的複習間隔，可能促使更長久的記憶

So after 7 sessions, you could review maybe once in 2 months or once in 3 months.

所以當你在計劃你的複習進度時，別忘了包含

The goal is to have long-term memory.

長跟短的複習間隔，還要以複習七次為目標

And longer intervals would lead to longer retention in the future.

這一定能幫助你達成更長期的記憶

So when you're designing your learning schedule, don't forget to incorporate both short and

記起一個單字的難度有很多因素影響

long intervals and aim for 7 sessions for vocabulary acquisition.

除了這裡我們討論的「頻率」之外，其他因素包括字的長度

This will definitely help you to have a longer memory of the words you learn.

還有「同源性」

There are many other factors that determine the difficulty of learning a word.

「同源字」是兩個不同語言的單字有相似的意義和型態

Besides frequency that we discussed in this video, other factors may be the word length

例如，時間在日文裡是タイム

or the cognateness.

跟英文聽起來很接近，意義也一樣

So cognates are words in different languages that are similar in meaning and form.

這種單字就鐵定比較容易記得

For example, time in Japanese is ta-i-mu.

好啦～這禮拜就差不多這樣

It sounds similar and the meaning is the same.

之後會有別的第二語言習得相關的影片

This kind of vocabulary is definitely easier to remember.

請密切鎖定

So this is pretty much it for this week.

嗯⋯⋯別忘了訂閱我頻道

There will be another video about second language acquisition research coming up.

點這個影片喜歡～

So stay tuned.

當然，我會把文獻都放在資訊欄，可以去看看

Umm don't forget to subscribe to the channel.

如果你跟我一樣nerdy啦

Click the like button for this video.

總而言之，感謝收看～也別忘了在留言區告訴我你的想法

Of course, I would put all the reference below in the description box and go check it out

好啦我該走了～

if you're nerdy as me!

ㄅㄅ ～

Anyways, thank you for watching and don't forget to let me know your thoughts in the

comment section......I gotta go!!

Bye bye~