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  • Today I'm going to tell you about one of my favorite creatures to ever grace this planet.

    但在幾年前,科學家們嘗試讓牠死而復生

  • It's a frog that's pretty bizarre but also weirdly sweet and adorable.

    我是安娜,歡迎收看《Gross Science》

  • Sadly, it went extinct just before I was born, so I thought I'd never get the chance to

    1972年,胃育蛙首次在澳洲昆士蘭州被發現

  • see it.

    牠們看起來很普通,就像一般看到的褐色和綠色的青蛙

  • But a few years ago, scientists tried to bring it back from the dead.

    但是牠們生育孩子的方式可一點都不普通

  • I'm Anna and this is Gross Science.

    首先雌蛙會產卵,而雄蛙在外頭使卵受精

  • Gastric-brooding frogs were first found in Queensland, Australia in 1972.

    到這裡都很普通

  • They looked pretty normaljust your average brownish, greenish frog.

    但接下來,母蛙會吞下這將近40顆的卵

  • But there was nothing average about how they gave birth.

    你可能會想這太可怕了

  • A female frog would lay her eggs, and a male frog would fertilize them externally.

    畢竟無論是青蛙還是人 胃裡通常都會有強酸用來消化你吃下的食物

  • So far so normal.

    00:01:08,719 --> 00:01:14,119 然而這些卵似乎能夠分泌某種物質使母蛙的胃停止分泌酸液

  • But then, the mother frog would swallow the eggsaround 40 of them!

    00:01:14,619 --> 00:01:21,500 這表示母蛙在懷孕期間不能進食 以人類的角度來看好像很可怕

  • You'd think this would be a terrible idea.

    不過這些青蛙似乎能做到

  • After all, stomachswhether they be frog or humanusually contain strong acid to

    最後這些卵孵出了小蝌蚪

  • break down your last meal.

    而蝌蚪們會釋放粘液 其中內含更多阻止胃酸分泌的化學物質

  • But the eggs likely contained a chemical that made the mother's stomach stop producing

    這些蝌蚪寶寶們繼續在胃裡待6個星期,漸漸長大

  • acid.

    大到會壓著媽媽的肺臟

  • That meant the mother couldn't eat during her pregnancy, which from a human perspective

    還好青蛙們能透過皮膚呼吸,所以母蛙並不會窒息而死

  • seems awful, but the frogs seemed to make do.

    終於,蝌蚪們變為幼蛙,母蛙會把牠們吐出來

  • Eventually, tadpoles would hatch from the eggs.

    通常一次一隻,需要好幾天

  • And the tadpoles would release mucus that contained more of that acid-blocking chemical.

    不過據說如果被激怒 牠們有些會像發射子彈般一次吐出所有幼蛙

  • The babies would continue to grow in the stomach for another 6 weeks, getting so big that they'd

    雖然吐出寶寶聽起來有點毛骨悚然 不過想像一下還是挺溫馨的

  • compress the mother's lungs.

    這種被稱為胃育的生殖方式

  • Luckily, these frogs could also breathe through their skin, so the mothers didn't suffocate.

    是為了讓寶寶們在最脆弱的時期裡受母親照顧

  • Finally, the tadpoles would metamorphose into baby frogs, and the mother would vomit them

    它真的很像人類懷孕...只是寶寶是從另個地方生出來

  • upusually one at a time over a few days.

    總而言之,以前這種青蛙有2種 但都在1980年代中期絕種了

  • Though, when provoked some were known to projectile vomit all their babies out at once.

    凶手可能是一種 現已對兩棲類構成主要威脅的侵入性真菌

  • While barfing up your babies sounds...horrible...it's kinda sweet when you think about it.

    而它也可能是人類幫忙傳到全球的

  • Gastric-brooding, as this strategy is called, is a way to keep your babies close to you

    它就是蛙壺菌。這種真菌會攻擊青蛙的皮膚

  • and safe while they're most vulnerable.

    而青蛙們的皮膚包含 呼吸、保濕,還有調節體溫等重要功能

  • It's really a lot like human pregnancyonly the babies come out the other end

    因此這些寄生菌可以輕易殺死它的宿主

  • Anyway, there were two species of these frogs, but both went extinct by the mid-80s.

    而蛙壺菌亦具有高度傳染性。 西元2013年以前,它已對世界上42%的蛙類造成威脅

  • The culprit was likely an invasive fungusone that poses a major threat to amphibians worldwide,

    00:02:58,870 --> 00:03:02,550 失去這些青蛙將讓人痛心疾首

  • and that humans likely helped to spread around the globe.

    這不僅是指全世界的生態系統將發生重大影響 我們也會失去美麗的生物多樣性

  • It's called chytrid fungus and it affects a frog's skin.

    然而仍然有許多或許能幫助人類健康和福祉的事情,

  • Because frogs use their skin for crucial functions like breathing, staying hydrated, and regulating

    是我們必須從這些物種身上學習的

  • their temperature, the parasite can easily kill its victims.

    就拿胃育蛙來說

  • And it's highly contagiousby 2013 it had put 42% of the world's frog species

    如果我們有更多時間去研究它, 也許就能加以了解它是如何防止胃酸產生的

  • in danger.

    進而一窺究竟並幫助人們的腸胃問題

  • Losing all these frogs would be, in a word, devastating.

    00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:39,500 於是在2013年,科學家們開始了一個 名為《The Lazarus Project》的計畫打算復育胃育蛙

  • Not only would it have major impacts on ecosystems worldwide, and be a loss of beautiful biodiversity,

    00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:46,030 他們從冷凍的標本中獲取細胞, 複製DNA到其他種青蛙的卵上

  • but there is so much we still have to learn from these creatures that might be beneficial

    最後創造出一個活的胃育蛙胚胎

  • to human health and well-being.

    它只大約存活了三天,但科學家們並不放棄嘗試

  • Take the gastric-brooding frog.

    這讓一些研究人員看到了希望 「終止滅絕」這個讓滅絕物種復活的方法

  • If we'd had more time to study it, maybe we could have learned more about how it turns

    有一天至少能幫助我們復原一些已失去的生物多樣性

  • off stomach acid production, potentially revealing some insights that could help humans with

    常常都是因為人們對環境的破壞

  • GI problems.

    但顯然這是有爭議的

  • Consequently, back in 2013, some scientists began a project to resurrect the gastric-brooding

    我想大多數科學家都同意 「終止滅絕」是保護物種的最後手段

  • frog.

    這絕不意味著我們應該停止保護和保存瀕危物種

  • They took cells from a frozen specimen, cloned the DNA into the egg of another frog species,

    不過,雖然我不能對倫理道德的問題多說什麼

  • and ended up creating a living gastric-brooding frog embryo.

    我得承認心底裡一部份的我 是很期待見到胃育蛙吐出它的寶寶們的

  • It only survived for about three days, but they haven't given up trying.

    00:05:00,250 --> 00:05:21,890

  • And it's made some researchers hopeful thatde-extinction”—the process of bringing

  • extinct species back to lifewill one day be a solution for reviving at least some of

  • the valuable biodiversity we've lost, often due to humans' impact on the environment.

  • Obviously, this is a controversial idea.

  • And, I think most scientists would agree that de-extinction is a last-gasp effort in conservation.

  • It in no way means we should stop protecting and preserving the at-risk species we have.

  • That said, while I can't speak to the ethics of the situation, I will admit that there's

  • a pretty big part of me that would love to see a gastric-brooding frog vomiting up its

  • babies.

  • Ew.

Today I'm going to tell you about one of my favorite creatures to ever grace this planet.

但在幾年前,科學家們嘗試讓牠死而復生

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