that bring us humans together in the way that an election does.

是選舉期間大家都會做的事 that bring us humans together in the way that an election does.

We stand in elections, we vote in elections,

我們選舉時發表立場、投票、 We stand in elections, we vote in elections,

we observe elections.

觀察選情 we observe elections.

Our democracies rely on elections.

我們的民主仰賴選舉 Our democracies rely on elections.

We all understand why we have elections,

我們都明白為何需要選舉 We all understand why we have elections,

and we all leave the house on the same day

我們都會在選舉當天出門 and we all leave the house on the same day

to go and vote.

投出神聖的一票 to go and vote.

We cherish the opportunity to have our say,

我們珍惜自己發聲的機會、 We cherish the opportunity to have our say,

to help decide the future of the country.

決定自己國家未來的機會 to help decide the future of the country.

The fundamental idea is that politicians

最基本的概念就是，政治家 The fundamental idea is that politicians

are given mandate to speak for us,

被賦予任務，替我們發聲、 are given mandate to speak for us,

to make decisions on our behalf

為我們作出 to make decisions on our behalf

that affect us all.

會影響我們的決定 that affect us all.

Without that mandate, they would be corrupt.

如果沒有任務的交付，就會腐敗 Without that mandate, they would be corrupt.

Well unfortunately, power corrupts,

但不幸的是，權力會產生腐敗 Well unfortunately, power corrupts,

and so people will do lots of things

所以人們做出一些事 and so people will do lots of things

to get power and to stay in power,

來獲得權力、持續保有權力 to get power and to stay in power,

including doing bad things to elections.

包括選舉時做些卑鄙手段 including doing bad things to elections.

You see, even if the idea

所以，即使選舉這概念 You see, even if the idea

of the election is perfect,

非常完美 of the election is perfect,

running a countrywide election is a big project,

一個全國的選舉規模龐大 running a countrywide election is a big project,

and big projects are messy.

規模大就亂 and big projects are messy.

Whenever there is an election,

只要有選舉 Whenever there is an election,

it seems like something always goes wrong,

好像一定會出差錯一樣 it seems like something always goes wrong,

someone tries to cheat,

有人作弊、 someone tries to cheat,

or something goes accidentally awry --

總有事情不符預期-- or something goes accidentally awry --

a ballot box goes missing here,

票箱遺失、 a ballot box goes missing here,

chads are left hanging over here.

候選人畫記不清楚等等 chads are left hanging over here.

To make sure as few things as possible go wrong,

為儘可能確保事情不出錯 To make sure as few things as possible go wrong,

we have all these procedures around the election.

我們選舉有很多過程 we have all these procedures around the election.

So for example, you come to the polling station,

比方說，你來到投票所 So for example, you come to the polling station,

and a poll station worker asks for your ID

選舉工作人員檢查你的身份證 and a poll station worker asks for your ID

before giving you a ballot form

才會給你選票 before giving you a ballot form

and asking you to go into a voting booth

然後要你走進投票間 and asking you to go into a voting booth

to fill out your vote.

填寫你的選票 to fill out your vote.

When you come back out, you get to drop your vote

當你走出投票間，將選票 When you come back out, you get to drop your vote

into the ballot box

投入票箱 into the ballot box

where it mixes with all the other votes,

和其他人的選票混在一起 where it mixes with all the other votes,

so that no one knows how you voted.

藉此就沒人知道你投了誰 so that no one knows how you voted.

Well, what I want us to think about for a moment

那我要各位想一下 Well, what I want us to think about for a moment

is what happens after that,

接下來會發生什麼事 is what happens after that,

after you drop your vote into the ballot box.

在選票投進票箱後 after you drop your vote into the ballot box.

And most people would go home

很多人就回家 And most people would go home

and feel sure that their vote has been counted,

確信他們的選票會被計算 and feel sure that their vote has been counted,

because they trust

因為他們信任 because they trust

that the election system works.

選舉制度 that the election system works.

They trust that election workers and election observers

他們信任選舉工作人員、監票員 They trust that election workers and election observers

do their jobs and do their jobs correctly.

有正確做好他們的工作 do their jobs and do their jobs correctly.

The ballot boxes go to counting places.

票箱會送到指定地點 The ballot boxes go to counting places.

They're unsealed and the votes are poured out

清算拆封後倒出 They're unsealed and the votes are poured out

and laboriously counted.

之後人工計算 and laboriously counted.

Most of us have to trust

我們大多數人都信任 Most of us have to trust

that that happens correctly for our own vote,

自己的選票正確無誤被算入 that that happens correctly for our own vote,

and we all have to trust that that happens correctly

我們必須相信過程會正確無誤 and we all have to trust that that happens correctly

for all the votes in the election.

所有選票都正確計算 for all the votes in the election.

So we have to trust a lot of people.

我們得相信很多人哪 So we have to trust a lot of people.

We have to trust a lot of procedures.

我們得相信這些過程 We have to trust a lot of procedures.

And sometimes we even have to trust computers.

有時候還得相信電腦 And sometimes we even have to trust computers.

So imagine hundreds of millions of voters

所以，想像成千上萬的選民 So imagine hundreds of millions of voters

casting hundreds of millions of votes,

投出成千上萬的選票 casting hundreds of millions of votes,

all to be counted correctly

都必須正確計算 all to be counted correctly

and all the things that can possibly go wrong

這麼多事都可能出錯 and all the things that can possibly go wrong

causing all these bad headlines.

導致這些頭條的出現 causing all these bad headlines.

And you cannot help but feel exhausted at the idea

你一定會覺得，讓選舉過程更完善 And you cannot help but feel exhausted at the idea

of trying to make elections better.

這過程很難達成 of trying to make elections better.

Well in the face of all these bad headlines,

看到這些糟糕的頭條新聞 Well in the face of all these bad headlines,

researchers have taken a step back

已經有人重新研究、 researchers have taken a step back

and thought about how we can do elections differently.

思考要如何規劃選舉 and thought about how we can do elections differently.

They've zoomed out and looked at the big picture.

他們往後退一步，重審大局 They've zoomed out and looked at the big picture.

And the big picture is this:

大局就是： And the big picture is this:

elections should be verifiable.

選舉應該要能核對 elections should be verifiable.

Voters should be able to check

選民應該要能檢查 Voters should be able to check

that their votes are counted correctly,

自己的選票是否以正確算入 that their votes are counted correctly,

without breaking election secrecy,

卻又不打破不記名原則 without breaking election secrecy,

which is so very important.

因為這原則很重要 which is so very important.

And that's the tough part.

而且很難達成 And that's the tough part.

How do we make an election system completely verifiable,

我們要如何讓整個選舉系統能夠核對 How do we make an election system completely verifiable,

while keeping the votes

同時不破壞 while keeping the votes

absolutely secret?

保密原則？ absolutely secret?

Well, the way we've come up with

我們想到的方法就是 Well, the way we've come up with

uses computers,

使用電腦 uses computers,

but doesn't depend on them.

但不依賴它們 but doesn't depend on them.

And the secret is the ballot form.

秘密就是選票設計 And the secret is the ballot form.

And if you look closely at these ballot forms,

你看看這些選票 And if you look closely at these ballot forms,

you'll notice that the candidate list

你會注意到候選人名單 you'll notice that the candidate list

is in a different order on each one.

每張顯示的都不一樣 is in a different order on each one.

And that means, if you mark your choices on one of them

這表示，你選好心中的候選人後 And that means, if you mark your choices on one of them

and then remove the candidate list,

私下候選人名單 and then remove the candidate list,

I won't be able to tell from the bit remaining

其他人將完全看不出 I won't be able to tell from the bit remaining

what your vote is for.

你選了誰 what your vote is for.

And on each ballot form there is this encrypted value

每張選票都有加密 And on each ballot form there is this encrypted value

in the form of this 2D barcode

用這個二維條碼 in the form of this 2D barcode

on the right.

右邊這裡 on the right.

And there's some complicated cryptography

條碼中隱含了 And there's some complicated cryptography

going on in there,

複雜的密碼學 going on in there,

but what's not complicated

唯一不複雜的 but what's not complicated

is voting with one of these forms.

就是使用選票的方法 is voting with one of these forms.

So we can let computers do all the complicated cryptography for us,

我們可以讓電腦幫我們用複雜的密碼學 So we can let computers do all the complicated cryptography for us,

and then we'll use the paper for verification.

但用紙張做為核對 and then we'll use the paper for verification.

So this is how you vote.

這就是投票方式 So this is how you vote.

You get one of these ballot forms at random,

你隨機拿了選票 You get one of these ballot forms at random,

and then you go into the voting booth,

進入投票間 and then you go into the voting booth,

and you mark your choices,

畫下你的候選人 and you mark your choices,

and you tear along a perforation.

撕下另一半 and you tear along a perforation.

And you shred the candidate list.

將候選人名單撕碎 And you shred the candidate list.

And the bit that remains, the one with your marks,

剩下的部份，你填寫的部份 And the bit that remains, the one with your marks,

this is your encrypted vote.

就是已經加密的票 this is your encrypted vote.

So you let a poll station worker

之後交給工作人員 So you let a poll station worker

scan your encrypted vote.

掃描你那加密的票 scan your encrypted vote.

And because it's encrypted,

因為已經加密 And because it's encrypted,

it can be submitted, stored

選票可以送出、儲存、 it can be submitted, stored

and counted centrally

中央計算選票 and counted centrally

and displayed on a website

並公告於網路上 and displayed on a website

for anyone to see, including you.

讓人人都可以觀看 for anyone to see, including you.

So you take this encrypted vote

你可以帶走這張加密的選票 So you take this encrypted vote

home as your receipt.

作為收據 home as your receipt.

And after the close of the election,

選舉結束後 And after the close of the election,

you can check that your vote was counted

你可以檢查選票是否被算入了 you can check that your vote was counted

by comparing your receipt

只要用手上的收據 by comparing your receipt

to the vote on the website.

比對網站上的選票即可 to the vote on the website.

And remember, the vote is encrypted

記得，選票是加密的 And remember, the vote is encrypted

from the moment you leave the voting booth,

從你離開投票間那刻 from the moment you leave the voting booth,

so if, in fact, and election official wants to find out how you voted,

所以，如果選舉工作人員想知道你投誰 so if, in fact, and election official wants to find out how you voted,

they will not be able to.

是不可能的 they will not be able to.

If the government wants to find out how you voted,

如果政府想知道你投給誰 If the government wants to find out how you voted,

they won't be able to.

是不可能的 they won't be able to.

No hacker can break in

連駭客也無法 No hacker can break in

and find out how you voted.

查出你投給誰 and find out how you voted.

No hacker can break in and change your vote,

駭客無法駭進系統竄改選票 No hacker can break in and change your vote,

because then it won't match your receipt.

因為如此的話就與收據不符 because then it won't match your receipt.

Votes can't go missing,

選票不會不見 Votes can't go missing,

because then you won't find yours when you look for it.

因為到時候若找不到就能發現了 because then you won't find yours when you look for it.

But the election magic doesn't stop there.

但選舉的魔法不止於此 But the election magic doesn't stop there.

Instead, we want to make the whole process

我門希望能做的整個選舉過程的 Instead, we want to make the whole process

so transparent

透明化 so transparent

that news media and international observers

及是新聞媒體、全世界觀望的 that news media and international observers

and anyone who wants to

所有人都能 and anyone who wants to

can download all the election data

下載選舉數據 can download all the election data

and do the count themselves.

然後自己做計算 and do the count themselves.

They can check that all the votes were counted correctly.

可以自己檢查選票是否正確計算 They can check that all the votes were counted correctly.

They can check

可以檢查 They can check

that the announced result of the election

選舉結果的宣布 that the announced result of the election

is the correct one.

是否正確 is the correct one.

And these are elections

這樣的選舉才是 And these are elections

by the people, for the people,

由人民而選、為人民而選 by the people, for the people,

so the next step for our democracies

所以民主的下一步就是 so the next step for our democracies

are transparent

透明化、 are transparent

and verifiable elections.

可驗證的選舉 and verifiable elections.

Thank you.

謝謝 Thank you.

(Applause)

(掌聲) (Applause)