one of the most difficult things for me to understand is

其中一件讓我最難理解的事就是

how all of these ancient ruins fit together,

這些古代的遺址如何再組合在一起

but luckily we have Dr. Bernard Frischer

但是幸運的是我們有伯納德·費舍爾博士

who has built an extraordinary video simulation

他建立了一個非同反響的影片模擬

that allows us to move through this space.

使我們能夠穿越其中

The difficulty is always two-fold.

困難常常是雙重的

First of all, that ancient cities are now in ruins

首先 古代的城市現在已成了廢墟

so the one problem we have is

所以我們面臨的一個問題是

how do you go from ruins to the way

你如何能從這些廢墟中還原出

it did look in antiquity.

它在古時候本來的樣子

Secondly, we only have random ruins,

第二 我們只有一些雜亂的廢墟遺址

we don't have everything.

我們沒有全部

So even if you can visualize what the Pantheon looks like

所以即使你可以想象出萬神殿的樣子

or the Colosseum,

或者羅馬圓形大劇場

they are a mile apart in the city .

它們彼此在城中也相距一英裏之遙

What was everything else? Most of it is missing.

城中其他的一切呢？它們大部分都消失了

So the visualization is trying to put the whole city together

所以這個模擬影片就是試圖把整個城市組合起來

And so let's take a look. Okay.

那讓我們來看一看吧 好的

It is just beautiful.

這實在是太美了

We're now flying low over the city, over the Tibre.

我們現在低飛在城市的上空 在台伯河上面

It's a good place to start because you know,

這是一個不錯的起點因爲你知道的

the Tibre does divide Rome into two parts.

台伯河確實把羅馬城分割成了兩個部分

And I see in the distance a very large temple.

我看見在遠處有一個非常大的神廟

That's the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.

那是朱庇特神廟

Jupiter, the best and the greatest,

朱庇特 是最好最大的一座

which was the main temple of the Roman state cult.

它是當時羅馬官方祭祀崇拜的主要神廟

And it's on top of the Capitoline Hill

坐落於卡匹托爾山(古羅馬七丘之一）的山頂

which because of this temple and some others,

而這座山由於這座神廟和其他一些原因

was considered the center of the state cult

被認爲是官方祭祀崇拜

and the state religion.

和國家宗教的中心

So what moment in Rome's history have you chosen?

那麽你選擇了羅馬的哪一段歷史時期呢？

This is notionally the year 320 AD,

這是理論上的公元320年

the peak of Rome's urban development,

羅馬城市發展的高峰期

certainly in terms of public architecture

所謂高峰期當然是指的公共建築而言

for the simple reason that

選擇這個歷史時期的原因很簡單

the Emperor at this time was Constantine the Great

就是這時候的羅馬皇帝是君士坦丁大帝

and shortly after this year

而在這年不久以後

he moved the capital from Rome

他就將首都從羅馬

to his city of Constantinople.

遷到了他的城市 君士坦丁堡

Ok so we're flying up the river

好的 我們現在從河上方起飛

and after the Capitoline Hill we see the Palatine Hill,

在卡匹托爾山後面我們看見了帕拉蒂尼山

another one of the seven canonical hills of Rome.

這是羅馬七座山丘的另外一座

And the Palatine is obvious to anybody who visits Rome.

帕拉蒂尼是任何一個羅馬遊客的必到之地

If you're in the forum,

如果你站在廣場中

this is the great hill with the palaces.

這是一座建有宮殿群的雄偉高山

In fact, the word palace derives from the word Palatine.

事實上 宮殿 palace 這個詞語就是從帕拉蒂尼 Palatinie衍化而來

The Romans, as time went on in their history,

羅馬人 在他們的歷史中

said "where ever the emperor is, there the palace is,"

會說 “皇帝在哪裏 宮殿就在哪裏”

or the paletine. So, the term palace got detached

或者 帕拉蒂尼山（就在哪裏） 所以 宮殿這個詞就從

from this physical hill

這座物理上的山脈 隔離出來

and came to just mean "a place where the ruler lives".

而逐漸形成 “皇帝居住的地方”之意

And actually as we're flying past

我們正從馬克西穆斯競技場

what is the Circus Maximus,

上方飛過

I see the imperial palace, it is so large.

我看到了這座皇城 她是如此之大

It is literally enveloped the entire hillside.

她不折不扣地覆蓋了整個山坡

We have to remember this was not only

我們不能忘了這不僅僅是

where the emperor lived, and his family with him,

皇帝和皇室親族的住所

but it was also the center of the government.

而且是整個政府的中心所在

any important relationship

但是在這個競技場和皇宮之間

between this enormous circus and the palace?

有什麽重要的聯係嗎？

They are in fact connected

它們其實是緊密相連的

and the Emperor was a great giver of the circus games

皇帝實際是競技場活動的很大施予者

and could easily come down to the Imperial box

他可以很輕易地從皇宮中

from the palace,

走到（競技場中）這個皇家包廂裏來

or if he even wanted

或者甚至如果他願意

he could watch the circus races at the Palace.

他在皇宮中就可以觀賞競技場比賽

So we're not talking about Barnum & Bailey,

所以我們不是在說“巴納姆及貝利馬戲團”的表演

we're talking about sporting events.

而是體育賽事

We're mainly talking about chariot races.

我們主要說的是戰車比賽

Think Ben Hur, the very famous chariot race scenes.

想想《賓虛》這部電影 那裏有非常著名的戰車比賽的鏡頭

And there were also animal hunts,

在裏面也有動物狩獵

there were parades, religious processions,

有巡遊 宗教遊行

and the triumphal processions.

凱旋遊行

So let's go into the city proper. We know that

現在我們走進市區 我們知道

Rome was this mercantile culture that has real markets.

羅馬的商業文化中有真正意義上的集市

How much do we know about

我們對當時居民的

the daily lives of the inhabitants?

日常生活有多少了解？

We know a huge amount.

我們所知甚多

We know about their hundreds of trades and professions,

我們了解他們上百種的交易種類和職業

the different social classes.

以及不同的社會階層

We know about their diet, we know about their longevity.

我們也知道他們的飲食 知道他們的一般壽命

The scholars have really reconstructed in great detail

學者們真是事無巨細地重建了

what everyday life was like.

羅馬人每天的生活狀況

So one of the most impressive structures

其中一個最最令我印象深刻的組成部分

that I'm seeing is this aqueduct, this highway for water.

就是這個渡槽 這是一種高架渠

Yeah, the Romans are famous for their aqueducts.

是的 羅馬人以這種大渡槽著稱

They never could have had their big city

他們只要是一個大城市

of a million or even the 2 million that

擁有一百萬甚至兩百萬的人口

we're now seeing without the aqueducts

就絕對不可能沒有這種大渡槽

that brought water in from

大渡槽把水從

20 or 30 miles away in the mountains.

20到30英裏開外的山裏引進來

They kept this gravitational sytem working

他們使這種重力係統得以工作

by getting the sources up into the mountains,

把水源從高處的山上

bringing it down into the city

帶到低處的城市

and the valley which gave the force to the water.

也帶到山谷中 （這種落差）形成了對水的推力

And they were able to somehow calculate

而且他們還能以某種方法計算出

a slope of even just 1 foot every 2000 feet,

每兩千英尺裏僅僅一英尺的斜坡

which is remarkable.

這真令人驚歎

We don't know how they could measure so accurately

我們不知道他們如何能夠如此精確地計算

so that the water kept moving gently downhill

從而使水持續緩慢地向下流動

but relentlessly downhill.

從不間斷

There is this kind of ambition,

（在羅馬人中）有這樣一種野心

this notion that man can control nature.

這樣一種想法 即人可以掌控自然

It does not need to build a city where the water is already,

他們不需要在已具備水源的地方興建城市

but one can actually bend nature to man's will.

而是可以使自然屈服在人的意志之下

The Romans were remarkable engineers.

羅馬人是卓越非凡的工程師

They used the water for drinking purposes,

他們把引來的水作日常飲用

obviously cooking, and so on.

也當然用來做飯等等

But also a lot of these aqueducts

但是有許多這樣的高架渠

ended at great fountains,

最終供給大型噴泉

but also in the great public baths.

也有大型的公共浴場

So this area seems to be sort of set apart from

所以這片地區似乎和人口稠密的、都市化的城市部分

this denser, urban part of the city,

隔離開來

and these are the baths of Trajan.

這些是圖拉真浴場

Yes, these were not the first public baths,

是的 這些並非第一批的公共浴場

but they were the baths

但它們卻爲

that gave the standard design for public baths.

公共浴場提供了設計標準

Block of bathing buildings

成片的浴場建築

in the middle of a kind of garden area,

位於這個類似花園區域的中央

delimited by a wall.

它們之間的界限依牆劃定

And we were talking earlier about the way

我們早一些的時候談到過

in which the emperors would provide for

皇帝爲城市居民

the well- being of the city,

提供福祉的方式

and this is really a prime example.

而這（即公共浴場）真是一個絕佳的例子

So now we are moving to some of the most

我們現在將步履移動到一些

well known monuments in ancient Rome.

在古羅馬最負盛名的古迹中

The Colosseum.

羅馬圓形大劇場

But we're in a fairly late moment in Roman history.

但是我們其實處在羅馬歷史中一個較晚的時期

Before the Colosseum, wasn't there another palace here?

在羅馬圓形大劇場之前 難道沒有其他宮殿在這兒嗎？

There was.

有的

The Colosseum was built by the emperor of Vespasian,

羅馬圓形大劇場是由韋斯巴芗皇帝修建的

who became emperor in 69 AD.

他在公元69年登基做皇帝

After the suicide of Nero, a very unpopular emperor.

在尼祿這個非常不得人心的皇帝自殺之後

One of the reasons he was so unpopular was that

尼祿如此不得人心的其中一個原因是

after the great fire of 64 AD

公元64年的那次大火

in which a lot of the city was destroyed,

把城市的大部分都被摧毀了

he took over 100 acres in the heart of the city

他卻在火災之後把城市中心的100英畝土地收過來

and converted it from private property

把私人財産改造成

to his own personal use as a palace.

供他自己使用的宮殿

The Golden House of Nero.

就是“尼祿金殿”

And the Colosseum was actually a lake in that palace.

而羅馬圓形大劇場在那個宮殿中的原址是一個湖

And Vespasian,

而 葦斯巴芗

to show that he was a friend of the people,

爲了表明他是人民的朋友

filled in that lake and built a Colosseum on top of it.

把湖填了 在上面建了個圓形大劇場

The Colosseum was not originally called the Colosseum.

羅馬圓形大劇場並不是一開始就叫這個名字

No. That's a term that

不是 這個名字

only goes back to the early middle ages.

其實僅起源於中世紀早期

The Romans called it the Flavian Amphitheatre

羅馬人開始時叫她 福雷維安圓形劇場

because the Vespasians' family name was Flavius,

因爲葦斯巴芗的家族姓氏是“弗拉維”

so Flavian.

所以叫“福雷維安”

And it's an Amphitheatre, or kind of a double theatre,

而它是座圓形劇場 或說某種雙劇院

an oval in shape.

形狀上是個橢圓

The Romans certainly didn't call it Colosseum,

羅馬人當時肯定不叫它“羅馬圓形大劇場 (Colosseum)”

but they did call this enormous statue the Colossus.

但是他們的確把這個巨大的雕像稱爲（與Colosseum音相近的）“巨像 (Colossus)"

It's a statue of the sun god.

這是一個太陽神的雕像

Now you have mentioned that this is the moment

你說過這是歷史上

when Constantine rules Rome

君士坦丁統治羅馬的一段時期

and has not yet moved the capital to the east.

在他把都城遷移到東方之前

And it's interesting to look at his arch,

他的凱旋門看上去很有趣

the arch of Constantine,

稱爲“君士坦丁凱旋門 ”

and realize that this is brand new.

而我意識到在這時這個凱旋門是全新的

It's only a couple of years old,

它在當時剛建起來沒幾年

Constantine left Rome after he defeated Maxentius

君士坦丁在他打敗了馬克森提烏斯後離開了羅馬

at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.

即米爾維安大橋戰役之後

As far as we know,

據我們所知

he never came back to Rome to actually see it.

他再沒有回到羅馬來看一看這座凱旋門

So we've just risen over the edge of the Colosseum

我們正從圓形大劇場的邊擧升起

and we're looking down.

我們往下看(劇場內部)

This is in a way, a mirror of Roman society.

這是在某種程度上 羅馬社會的一面鏡子

The best seats are the ones farthest down,

最佳座位位於最低處

closest to the arena,

與競技場最爲靠近

and that was reserved for the emperor,

它是常常爲這樣的人預留的：皇帝

top office holders, priests, and so on.

最高公職人員 祭司 等等

Then behind them were the senators.

在他們後面是元老院議員

Behind them, the wealthy business men.

往後是富有的商人

And behind them, the free born, normal citizens.

再往後是生來自由的普通公民

At the very top, sat women, slaves, and foreigners.

而在最高處的座位 坐的是婦女 奴隸 和外族人

So what were they coming to watch?

那麽他們來看什麽呢？

As we can see now what's going on

我們可以看到在這裡正進行的

is the main thing that we associate with the Colosseum,

就是和羅馬圓形大劇場有關的主要項目

the gladiatorial combats.

角鬥士格鬥

Another thing that went on here that

在這裡當時會進行的另一個項目

the Romans loved was hunts of wild animals.

並且是羅馬人喜愛的 就是狩獵野生動物

The third thing is the execution of criminals.

第三個項目是對犯人的處決

Often in very colorful ways.

這種常常用各種各樣的方式進行

Ways we would find very cruel.

各種我們會覺得非常殘忍的方式

So let's make a left turn and move towards the forum.

好的讓我們向左拐朝廣場走去

What is that enormous temple?

那個巨大的神廟是什麽？

It's the biggest temple of the state religion.

這是國家宗教的最大的神廟

It's the temple of Venus and Rome.

這是維納斯和羅馬神廟

It was built by the emperor Hadrian.

它是由哈德良皇帝修建的

It's actually interesting because

它實際上十分有意思 因爲

it's two temples back-to-back.

它是兩個背對背挨著的神廟

One part of it is dedicated to the worship

其中一個神廟是專門用作對

of the goddess, Venus.

維納斯女神的崇拜

That's the one facing the Coliseum.

這個神廟面對大劇場

The other, to the goddess, Roma, that's facing the forum.

另一個 面對廣場的 是用來敬拜 羅馬女神的

And there seems to be a reason for that.

這其中似乎是有個緣由的

Venus is looking at the Colosseum

維納斯女神注視著大劇場

which is associated with fun and games.

這與消遣和遊戲相關

Otium, the Romans would say. Leisure.

羅馬人會說“Otium" 拉丁語閑暇的意思

Whereas Roma is a more serious goddess.

而羅馬女神是一個更加莊重的女神

She's facing the forum which is the area of negotium,

她面對著廣場：一個交易活動進行的地方

or business and work.

或者說商務與工作

Ok, so now we're moving over to the forum itself.

好的 那麽我們現在移步到廣場這來吧

And we'll stop first at the Basilica of Maxentius,

我們首先來看“瑪克辛提烏斯巴西利卡”

the last of the great civic buildings

最後一件宏偉的市政建築

built in Rome before Constantine moved the capital.

於君士坦丁遷都之前在羅馬興建

This is a huge structure

這是一個巨型構造

and the word Basilica is familiar to us.

而“巴西利卡”這個詞我們十分熟悉

We often call churches "basilicas" now.

我們現在常常稱教堂爲“巴西利卡”

For the Romans it was a civic building

對於羅馬人來說這是一個市政建築

used mainly for courts,

主要用做法庭

the Christians adopted the building forum

而基督徒利用了建築廣場

because they worshipped inside,

因爲他們在裏面敬拜

so they adopted this preexisting building forum

所以他們利用這個現存的建築廣場

and gave it a new content.

賦予其新的內容

So now we're moving into

現在我們來到

one of the most complicated parts of Rome,

羅馬城最爲複雜的區域之一

especially when you try to look at the ruins

特別當你試圖看著這些廢墟

and understand how these buildings related to each other.

去弄清這些建築遺址是如何相互聯係的

I always say the forum is like the wall in Washington.

我總是說 這裡的廣場就像華盛頓的國家廣場

It's a big open public space

它是一個大型開放式公共場所

used for public events like parades and speeches.

用來舉辦公共活動比如遊行和演講

The buildings around that open space are also public

在公共空間周圍的建築物也是面向公衆的

and they are courthouses and temples.

他們是法院大樓和一些殿宇

Then, on the forum plaza are,

而在廣場的空地上

as in the case of the wall in Washington,

就像在華盛頓的國家廣場

monuments commemorating

是紀念偉大人物

great men and important events.

和重大事件的紀念碑

Adjacent to the forum,

在廣場的旁邊

private property was increasingly bought up

土地的私有産權都被逐漸買下

so that each emperor could build his own forum,

因此每一位皇帝都可以建造他自己的廣場

the so called imperial fora of the emperors.

形成所謂皇帝們的“帝國議事廣場群”

We've made a full circle

我們已經完整地走了一圈

and we're now looking again at the Capitoline.

現在又看到了卡匹托爾

We're flying over the Roman forum,

我們飛過羅馬廣場

we'll acutally come back to it.

其實我們還會回到這裡

We're flying over the Capitoline hill,

我們飛過卡匹托爾山

we can see the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus,

可以看見朱庇特神廟

and we're going beyond, back to the river,

再越過去 回到河邊