Each of these dots is really millions of bacteria.

每一個小點其實都是數以百萬計的細菌。

But down at a microscopic scale, mold and bacteria fight vicious battles.

但在微觀尺度上，黴菌和細菌打起了惡戰。

Their resources and territory are scarce

他們的資源和領土都很稀缺

and the stakes are survival.

而賭注是生存。

Mold has a powerful chemical weapon in its arsenal.

黴菌的武器庫裡有一種強大的化學武器。

I'm Emily, and I'd like to show you Alexander Fleming's famous

我是艾米麗，我想給你看亞歷山大-弗萊明的著名的。

discovery that bread mold kills bacteria.

發現麵包黴菌可以殺死細菌。

Here's some fresh bread.

這裡有一些新鮮的麵包。

I'll add some water because mold loves moisture.

我'會加一些水，因為黴菌喜歡潮溼。

Now I need bacteria, which you can find basically anywhere,

現在我需要的是細菌，你基本上可以在任何地方找到。

including in your mouth.

包括在你的嘴裡。

This petri dish has a jello-like layer of agar:

這個培養皿裡有一層類似果凍的瓊脂。

food for the bacteria in my saliva.

唾液中的細菌的食物。

It'll take a few days before the colonies of bacteria are big enough to see.

要過幾天，細菌的菌落才會足夠大，才能看到。

Let's set up a place to grow the mold and bacteria in a contained way, so it doesn't spread or infect anything else.

讓'我們設置一個地方，讓黴菌和細菌以一種封閉的方式生長，所以它不會傳播或感染其他任何東西。

These bell jars will help make sure that

這些鈴鐺罐將有助於確保

nothing contaminates the experiment,

沒有任何東西會汙染實驗。

and the experiment doesn't contaminate anything else.

而實驗不會汙染其他東西。

I'm back!

我回來了！

Wow! There's a lot of bacteria!

哇！ 細菌真多啊!

Each cell divided and divided and divided to make a colony

每個細胞分了又分，分了又分，形成了一個菌落。

that we can see now.

我們現在可以看到。

Some bread mold also grew.

也長出了一些麵包黴。

Let's see if it can kill some bacteria.

讓我們看看它是否能殺死一些細菌。

I'll take a chunk of bread mold and let it do its work.

我'會拿一塊麵包模子，讓它發揮它的作用。

Legend has it that in Fleming's original experiment,

傳說在弗萊明'最初的實驗中。

some mold from his lunch sandwich accidentally dropped into his petri dish.

一些黴菌從他的午餐三明治不小心掉進了他的培養皿。

Let's take a closer look,

讓我們'來仔細看看。

and we'll come back later and see what's changed.

和我們'以後再來看看有什麼變化。

Under a microscope mold looks something like this yellow model,

在顯微鏡下模具看起來像這個黃色的模型。

and mold attacks bacteria cell walls, represented by these cups.

和黴菌攻擊細菌細胞壁，代表這些杯子。

Mold secretes a chemical: penicillin,

黴菌會分泌一種化學物質：青黴素。

which damages bacteria cell walls, stamping out the competition.

破壞細菌細胞壁，阻斷競爭。

This means the bacteria surrounding the mold will die.

這意味著黴菌周圍的細菌會死亡。

We're looking for bacterial death around the mold.

我們'正在尋找模具周圍的細菌死亡。

Do you see where the bacteria have died around the mold?

你看模具周圍的細菌都死了嗎？

This is called the ring of death.

這就是所謂的死亡之環。

Mold and bacteria have been battling for millions of years.

黴菌和細菌已經爭鬥了數百萬年。

Mold keeps coming up with new weapons: antibiotics;

黴菌不斷想出新的武器：抗生素。

and bacteria keeps coming up with new shields: resistance.

和細菌不斷想出新的盾牌：抵抗力。

Alexander Fleming, after treating wounded soldiers in World War One, was the first person

亞歷山大-弗萊明，在第一次世界大戰中治療傷兵後，是第一人。

to realize how useful antibiotics are for treating infection.

以認識到抗生素對治療感染的作用。

Today we remember him for his discovery of penicillin.

今天我們紀念他是因為他發現了青黴素。

I think his experiment is really neat, and I hope you do, too.

我覺得他的實驗真的很整齊，我希望你也是。