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  • Vatican City: capitol of the Catholic Church, home to the pope, owner of impressive collections

    梵蒂岡城:天主教教會的都城, 除了是教宗的家,還把世上許多華麗的藝術與歷史

  • of art and history all contained within the borders of the world's smallest country: conveniently

    收藏在了世界上邊界 最小的國家之中:

  • circumnavigateable on foot in only 40 minutes.

    甚至小到可在40分鐘內徒步環繞其邊界一圈。

  • Just how did the world end up with this tiny nation?

    到底這小到不能再小 的國家是如何形成的呢?

  • The short answer is: because Mussolini and the long answer is fiendishly complicated

    短的答案是:因為墨索里尼, 而長答案則極端地複雜,

  • so here's a simplified medium version:

    所以我現在會給你一個簡化的中長度答案:

  • The popes used to rule a country called the Papal States that covered much of modern day

    教宗很久以前統治着一個叫 教皇國的國家,它的領土當時覆蓋着

  • Italy. It was during this 1,000+ year reign that the Popes constructed St. Peter's Basilica

    現時意大利的一部分。正是在這長達一千年的統治下, 教宗們興建了現存最大的教堂,

  • the largest church in the world -- and also built a wall around the base of a hill known

    聖伯多祿大殿 -- 以及於大殿 所在的山,名為梵蒂岡山

  • as Vatican upon which St. Peter's Stood.

    的山基周圍建了一座城牆。

  • But the Kingdom of Italy next door thought Rome would be an awesome capital for their

    然而在教皇國周圍的義大利王國 認為羅馬城對他們的王國而言會是一個

  • country and so conquered the Papal States.

    超讚的首都,所以就滅了教皇國。

  • His nation destroyed the Pope hid behind the walls of Vatican and conflictingly refused

    被滅國了的教宗就躲在梵蒂岡山的 城牆內避難,並矛盾地否認

  • to acknowledge that the Kingdom of Italy existed, while simultaneously complaining about being

    義大利王國的存在, 並同時抱怨成為

  • a prisoner of the Kingdom of Italy -- which according to him didn't exist.

    義大利王國的囚犯 -- 但他才剛說完這個國家不存在。

  • Rather than risk religious civil war by getting rid of the pope the Kingdom of Italy decided

    而意大利的國王,不打算鏟除教宗並冒引發 一場宗教內戰的風險,他決定等教宗自己出來,

  • to wait him out assuming he'd eventually give up -- but religion is nothing if not obstinate

    並認為教宗遲早會放棄 -- 但宗教若那麼容易屈服就不是宗教了

  • -- and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 popes and sixty years later nothing had changed.

    -- 在 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 任教宗和 六十年後,局勢也沒有甚麼變化。

  • Which brings us to Benito Mussolini the then prime minister of Italy who was tired of listing

    而這就引我們來到了貝尼托·墨索里尼, 當時的意大利總理,

  • to the Pope complain to Italian Catholics about his self-imposed imprisonment so Mussolini

    並被教宗不停地向意大利天主教徒抱怨 其自我強加的監禁之事煩得要命,

  • thought he could score some political points by striking a deal which looked like this:

    因此墨索里尼想就此事為自己的政績加分, 於是他便與當時的教宗達成以下協議:

  • 1) Italy gave the land of Vatican to the Pope.

    一) 意大利把梵蒂岡的領地給了教宗;

  • and

    和...

  • 2) Italy gave the Pope a bunch of apology money

    二) 意大利給教宗一大堆的賠償金。

  • In return

    作為回報

  • 1) The Pope acknowledged that Italy existed and

    一) 教宗承認意大利的存在;

  • and

    和...

  • 2) The Pope promised to remain neutral in politics and wars.

    二) 教宗承諾在政治和戰爭上保持中立。

  • On the off chance that, you know, Mussolini thought this might be a thing.

    因為墨索里尼恐怕, 這可能會造成一些事端

  • The deal was signed and a new country, Vatican City was born.

    協議簽定後,一個新的國家, 梵蒂岡城便誕生了。

  • And today the tiny nation on a hill has all the things you'd expect of a country: its

    今天這個在山上的迷你國擁有所有 你預期會在國家裏見到的東西:

  • own government that makes its own laws that are enforced by its own police, who put people

    她有制定自身法律的政府, 並由自己的警察執行法律,

  • who break them in its own jail.

    並把違反他們法律的人監禁在他們自己的監獄內。

  • It also has its own bank and prints its own stamps and issues its own license plates,

    她有自己的銀行,印製自己的郵票, 並發行自己的車牌,

  • though only its citizens can drive within its borders presumably because of terrible,

    但只有她的市民才可在她的境內行駛, 這大概是因為他們十分可怕的

  • terrible parking -- and as the true mark of any self-respecting nation: it has its own

    停車埸 -- 然而就像許多 自我尊重的國家一樣:她有自己

  • top-level domain: .VA

    獨特的頂級域域名: .VA

  • But, despite all these national trappings Vatican City is not really like any other

    但即使有這些國家的象徵, 梵蒂岡城與其他的國家又很大的分別。

  • country. Hold on to your fancy hat, because it's about to get weird:

    拿好你精美的帽子,因為 接下來將會越來越奇怪:

  • To understand the Vatican: there are two people and two things that you need to know about:

    要了解梵蒂岡城,你先要 了解兩種人和事:

  • the famous pope, the incredibly confusing Holy See, The Country of Vatican City and

    著名的教宗,極奇混淆的 聖座,梵蒂岡城本身以及

  • along with that the almost completely unknown King of Vatican City.

    和她一起基本上無人知曉的 梵蒂岡城國王。

  • But first the Pope: who gets a throne to sit upon and from which he acts as the Bishop

    首先是教宗:他有一座王座可坐, 並在王座上成為羅馬城

  • for all the Catholics in Rome.

    所有天主教徒的主教

  • Actually all Bishops in the Catholic Church get their own thrones but because the Bishop

    其實所有天主教的主教都有 自己的王座但因為

  • of Rome is also the Pope his thrown is special and has it's own special name: The Holy See.

    羅馬的主教就是教宗所以他有一座 特別的王座並有它的獨特名字:聖座。

  • Every time a Pope dies or retires there is a sort of game of thrones to see which of

    每次教宗逝世或退休就會有一埸 王座的權力遊戲並決定哪位

  • the bishops will next get to occupy the Holy See.

    主教可以接着進佔聖座。

  • So while Popes come and go the throne is eternal. As such the name The Holy See not only refers

    所以雖然主教來了又去了,但聖座是永恆的。 因此聖座的名字不只是指

  • to the throne but also all the rules that make the Catholic Church the Catholic Church.

    王座,而亦同時指所有令 天主教庭成為天主教庭的規則。

  • When Mussolini crafted that aforementioned deal, technically he gave the land of Vatican

    在墨索里尼制定之前談到的協議時, 技術上他是把梵蒂岡的領地

  • City to The Holy See -- which, believe it or not, is a legal corporate person in international

    給了聖座 -- 而且,信不信由你, 它在國際法律中是一個正規的法人。

  • law. Basically every time you hear the words The Holy See think Catholic Church, Inc of

    基本上你每次聽到聖座這兩個字 就把它想像成天主教庭公司而

  • which the Pope is the CEO.

    教宗就是董事長。

  • Now back to the King. The King of Vatican City has absolute, unchecked power within

    現在我們談回國王。梵蒂岡城國王 於梵蒂岡城的邊界內

  • the country's borders and his presence makes Vatican City one of only six remanning absolute

    擁有絕對、不可抑制的權力而他的存在使梵蒂岡城 成為世界上只剩六個的絕對君主集權國之一,

  • monarchies in the world, including Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Swaziland.

    包括汶萊、阿曼、卡塔爾、 沙特阿拉伯和史瓦濟蘭。

  • The King's absolute power is why Vatican City can't join the European Union because only

    其國王的絕對權力就是梵蒂岡城為何 不能加入歐盟的原因,因為只有

  • democracies are allowed.

    民主制國家才可加入。

  • Through Vatican City does, strictly speaking, have a legislative brach of government -- staffed

    雖然梵蒂岡城,嚴格地說, 有一個立法機關 -- 由被教宗

  • by cardinals, appointed by the pope -- the King of Vatican City can overrule their decisions

    任命的樞機主教組成 -- 但梵蒂岡城國王, 在任何時候因任何理由都可駁回其決定。

  • and at any time for any reason.

    但為甚麼你從未聽說過梵蒂岡城 有個國王?因為雖然國王和教宗

  • So why do you never hear about the King of Vatican City? Because though King and Pope

    是兩個不同的角色,但他們就剛好 是在同一時間由同一人所擔任,

  • are two different roles, they just happen to be occupied by the same person at the same

    並因此造成一個奇妙的現象: 因為教宗是選出來的而國王

  • time -- which has the funny consequence that, because the Pope is elected and the King is

    又有絕對的權力但他們是同一人,因此令 梵蒂岡城成為世上唯一由選舉決定、非世襲的

  • all-powerful but they're the same guy it makes Vatican City the world's only elected, non-hereditary

    絕對君主集權。

  • absolute monarchy.

    正是這樣的雙重身份令解開 梵蒂岡城的謎團如此困難因為教宗,

  • It's this dual-role that makes untangling Vatican City so difficult because the Pope,

    隨着局勢變化可以是 梵蒂岡城的國王或

  • depending on the situation either acts as The King of the country of Vatican City or

    教庭的教宗。

  • the Pope of the Holy See.

    明白了嗎?不明白?好吧,我打個比喻:

  • Got it? No? OK, here's an analogy:

    想像一個有大量權力的國際組織, 叫Grey產業,並有一個董事長,

  • Imagine if a powerful international company, say Grey Industries, had a CEO who convinced

    他說服了美國把它的一個島給了 該產業,而它又把那個島轉為

  • the United States to give one of its islands to the Company which then made the island

    一個新國家 -- Grey都市 -- 並由 絕對君主制作為其政府,同時

  • into a new country -- Greytropolis -- with an absolute monarchy as its government and

    設定一條憲法定義Grey都市的國王 為Grey產業的董事長。

  • the law that the King of Greytropolis is, by definition, the CEO of Grey Industries.

    明顯地,他現在應該 把他的產業總部搬至

  • It's pretty obvious at that point that the CEO should move his corporate headquarters

    這個新國家 -- 並令該產業從 該國的法律得益而該產業的

  • to the new nation -- so that the laws of the country can benefit the company and the company's

    國際性又可使該國得益。而作為 中間人有時做

  • global reach can benefit the country. As for the man in the middle sometimes it's good

    董事長比較好;有時做國王比較好。

  • to the the CEO and sometimes it's good to be the king.

    而這就與梵蒂岡城的情況一模一樣。

  • That is essentially Vatican City.

    但若你仍然覺得困惑,不用擔心, 因為連其他國家都把它分析得亂七八糟。

  • But if you're still confused, don't worry even other countries can't keep it straight.

    例如聯合國有聖座這個法人 作為其成員之一 -- 卻沒有

  • For example the United Nations has The Holy See the corporation as a member but not Vatican

    梵蒂岡城這個國家本身。而教庭 給梵蒂岡城的市民發出的護照

  • City the actual country. And The Holy See gives passports to Vatican City citizens that

    雖然是從一個公司,而非國家發出, 但卻被其他國家所接受。

  • other countries accept even though those passports come from a company, not a country.

    而說起梵蒂岡城的市民,他們也許 是因為教宗的宗教領袖和國王的

  • And speaking of Vatican City citizens, they are perhaps the strangest consequence of the

    雙重身份而導致的奇怪結果。

  • Pope's dual role as religious leader and monarch.

    雖然其他國家通過着名的 人類繁殖來產生新市民,

  • While other countries mint new citizens with the ever popular process of human reproduction

    但梵蒂岡城卻不是這樣。在梵蒂岡城內 沒有人是土生土長的市民 -- 而且那還不是因為,

  • Vatican City does not. No one in Vatican City is born a citizen -- and that's not just because,

    在四捨五入下,那裏一個女性市民也沒有。

  • within a rounding error, there are no female Vaticans.

    在城內想成為市民就必須 要國王指定你成為市民。

  • The only way to become a citizen is for the King of Vatican City to appoint you as one.

    而國王只會在你為教宗 -- 同時也是國王 -- 工作的前提下才會指定你為市民。

  • And the King only appoints you a citizen if you work for the Pope -- who is also the King.

    而因為國王的絕對權力你的國民身份 是完全在他的掌控之下。如果你辭掉為教宗

  • And because the King is all-powerful your citizenship is at his whim. If you quit your

    服務的工作,國王 -- 同時也是 教宗 -- 會廢除你的國民身份。

  • job for the Pope, the King -- who is also the pope -- will revoke your citizenship.

    這些規則令梵蒂岡城沒有一個 真正意義上的永久性居民:

  • These rules mean that Vatican City doesn't have a real permanent population to speak

    那裏只有500名市民 -- 甚至少於一些國家內一幢

  • of: there are only about 500 full citizens -- which is fewer people that live in single

    摩天大厦裏居住的人數 -- 而 這些市民作為樞機主教、

  • skyscrapers in many countries -- and all these citizens work for The Holy See as either Cardinals

    外交官、教宗的保鏢或其他與 天主教有關工作等為教廷工作

  • or Diplomats or the Pope's bodyguards or other Catholic-related jobs.

    所以對梵蒂岡城最好的比喻是 一種有主權獨立性的公司總部

  • So it's best to think of Vatican City as a kind of Sovereign Corporate Headquarters that

    並給予其職員暫時性的公民身份; 而不是一個類似新加坡的真正城邦:

  • grants temporary citizenship to its managers rather than a real city-state like Singapore:

    因其有一個自我繁殖的人口,並參予一系列的經濟活動。

  • which has a self-reproducing population of citizens engaged in a variety of economic

    而梵蒂岡城兩樣皆無。

  • activities both of which Vatican City lacks.

    但最後,世界關注梵蒂岡城的原因 不是因為它位於其城牆內的市民,

  • But in the end, the reason the world cares about Vatican City is not because of the citizens

    而是因為在那城牆外的 數十億天主教徒。

  • within its walls but because of the billion members of its church outside those walls.

Vatican City: capitol of the Catholic Church, home to the pope, owner of impressive collections

梵蒂岡城:天主教教會的都城, 除了是教宗的家,還把世上許多華麗的藝術與歷史

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