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  • - What will happen tomorrow is not random. In other words, it's at least somewhat predictable.

    明天會發生什麼事並不是完全隨機的 換句話說,至少有些事是可以預測的

  • I mean, not entirely to be sure, but some things will happen for certain, and other

    我的意思至,並不是完全可以預測,但至少有些是必定會發生,而有些事

  • things definitely won't. For example, the sun will rise, water will still freeze at

    絕對不會發生。舉例來說,太陽一定會升起,水仍然會在

  • zero degrees celsius,

    攝氏0度下結冰

  • - and you won't become Michael Stevens.

    你也不會突然變成Michael Stevens

  • - We know this because everything in the universe is made of 12 fundamental particles, and they

    我們可以這麼確定是因為 宇宙中的萬物是由12種基本粒子組成

  • interact in four predictable ways.

    而且它們以4種可以預測的方式彼此互動

  • - What if I were able to determine the positions and velocities of every single one of these

    假設我可以知道宇宙中每一個的粒子的特定位置以及速度

  • particles in the universe?

    會發生什麼事?

  • - Well, you would be the intelligence envisioned by Laplace, who thought if you could really

    那麼,你就是拉普拉斯設想的全知者,只要你真的可以

  • figure out where everything is and how fast it's moving, you would know the entire future

    知道每個東西的位置以及他們移動的速度,你就能夠預知宇宙的未來

  • of the universe, because you know how every particle interacts with every other particle.

    因為你知道每一個粒子是如何和其他粒子互動 (皮爾.西蒙.拉普拉斯:在那個全知者的眼中,未來和過去一樣都被完整呈現)

  • - Wow, so nothing would be unpredictable, which means, nothing would be random.

    哇,所以沒有什麼事是無法預測的 也就是說,沒有什麼事是隨機的

  • - Not even human behavior. Since we are made of the same fundamental particles as everything

    甚至連人類的行為也不是隨機的 因為我們和宇宙萬物一樣

  • in the rest of the universe, everything we will ever do, or have ever done, would be

    都是由這些基本粒子組成,我們即將做的每一件事,或者已經完成的事,都將被

  • determined by the information in the state of the universe at any one time.

    宇宙任一時刻所蘊涵的資訊(information)決定

  • - But what is information? Well, it seems to be fundamentally about order. The order

    但所謂的「資訊」是什麼?它似乎就是所謂的「排列/次序」(order)

  • of molecules in your DNA contain the information needed to make you. It is the order of zeros

    你的DNA的分子排列包含了所有你的資訊

  • and ones streaming through the internet that contain all the information required to play

    網路上0和1的排列順序蘊含了所有這部影片的資訊

  • this video. It is the order of letters that makes a word, and the order of words that

    字母的排列組成一個單字,而單字的排列

  • makes a sentence that carries information. So fundamentally, information seems to be

    組成一個蘊含資訊句子 所以基本上,資訊看起來

  • about order. Regularity. That is, until you really think about it. I mean, does every

    就是「排列/次序」(order)、「規則」(regularity) 但你真的仔細思考似乎不是這麼一回事,我的意思是

  • letter of a word carry the same amount of information? No. I mean, after a "Q", you

    每一個英文單字的字母所蘊含的資訊量是相同的嗎? 不是,接在一個Q後面的下一個字母

  • know almost for certain that the next letter will be a "U". After a "Th", there will probably

    你幾乎可以確定會是一個u,在Th後面非常有可能

  • be an "E". So these letters carry very little information, because you could predict them

    會是一個e,所以這些字母事實上具備非常少的訊息 因為你可以預先預測它們

  • beforehand. They are redundant. In fact, the founder of information theory, Claude Shannon,

    它們是冗餘的 事實上,資訊論的奠基者:克勞德.夏農

  • estimated the redundancy of English at about 75%, which is why we can make sense of things

    估計英文中有75%是冗餘的,所以我們可以看得懂

  • like this. So English can be compressed, because it is not random. It has patterns. Similarly,

    這樣子的東西。英文其實是可以被壓縮的,因為它不是完全隨機的,它有特定的形式(pattern)

  • this video is compressible because of its regularities. In each frame, the pixels of

    同樣的,這部影片因為它有規律所以它是可以被壓縮的。每一幀數,相似顏色的

  • similar color cluster together. Plus, from frame to frame, most of the pixels don't change.

    像素可以混在一起 而且大部分的像素並不會隨著幀數改變

  • So you only need to record the ones that do change.

    所以你只需要記錄那些顏色有改變的像素就好了

  • - You can take advantage of this technique to create some trippy effects known as datamoshing.

    運用這個技術你可以創造出奇幻的效果,稱作「資料混雜」(datamoshing)

  • It's the application of the movement data from one video, to the pixels of another.

    它是一種把一部影片的資料 混雜到另一部影片的像素的應用技術

  • - It also means that an average video can be compressed to just one thousandth of its

    這也說明一部影片可以被壓縮到原本大小的

  • original size.

    千分之一

  • - But what is the most you can compress something?

    但一個東西可以被壓縮的極限是什麼?

  • - Well, anything that is not random, any patters or regularities, can be reduced, because they

    只要不是隨機的東西、任何的形式或規律、都是可以被壓縮的,因為他們

  • are predictable. So you can continue shrinking a file down until what you're left with is

    可以被預測。所以你可以不斷壓縮一個檔案,直到剩下的東西是

  • totally random.

    完全隨機的

  • - And that will contain all of the information of the original item but distilled. Pure information.

    而那就是蘊含所有原始檔案資訊的濃縮版本 純粹的資訊

  • - So pure information is randomness. If you want to know how much information something

    所以純粹的資訊竟然是「隨機」 如果你想知道某個東西蘊含多少資訊

  • contains, you need to know how random it is. And randomness is disorder... What we also

    你需要知道它有多麼隨機 而隨機的意思是「混亂/無序」(disorder),我們又稱作

  • call ...

    熵(entropy)

  • - [Both] Entropy.

    熵(entropy)

  • - So information, fundamentally, is entropy. This makes sense if you consider a string

    所以「資訊」根本上指的就是「熵」 這非常合理,以一連串的二進制位碼來說

  • of binary digits. For example, this string is perfectly ordered. It has very low entropy,

    這一串數字非常有秩序的排列,它所蘊含的熵非常少

  • and it contains no information. That's the state of an erased hard drive. Now, this string

    它沒有透露任何資訊,這也是被抹除資訊的硬碟狀態。現在這一串

  • contains slightly more information, but again, the regularities allow it to be easily compressed.

    數字蘊含稍微多一點的資訊,但是它的規律讓它變得容易壓縮

  • So the string that contains the maximum amount of information is just-- a random set of zeros

    因此具有最海量資訊的二進制數字就是0和1的隨機排列

  • and ones. It has maximum entropy because it's totally disordered. You could not predict

    它蘊含最大量的熵 因為它是完全混亂無序的,你無法預測

  • any of those digits by looking at any of the other digits. And if you wanted to send this

    任何位碼,如果你想要把這個資訊

  • information to someone, you would have no other option but to send the whole string

    寄給其他人,你別無選擇的只能把一整串位碼寄給他

  • of digits. There's no way to compress it. But here's the thing about any object that

    沒有任何方法可以壓縮 但是任何具有最大量資訊的東西

  • contains maximum information. For us as human beings, they carry no meaning. For example,

    對於人類來說,它們毫無意義,舉例而言

  • a video containing maximum information would look like this. It is just white noise. The

    一個具有最大量資訊的影片看起來會像這樣 它就是白雜訊

  • color of each pixel is independent of all the other pixels, and they all change randomly.

    每個像素的顏色和其他像素之間毫無關聯 並且隨機轉換顏色

  • This video could not be compressed, because it's already totally random. Now a random

    這段影片無法被壓縮,因為他是完全隨機的 (有注意到影片的畫質變差嗎)

  • sequence of DNA would not make an organism. And a random string of letters does not generally

    一段隨機排序的DNA序列無法構成生命 字母的隨機排列也沒辦法產生一個單字

  • make a word. We are drawn to things that are neither perfectly ordered, containing no information,

    我們感興趣的事 並不是完全的規律/秩序(沒有透露任何資訊)

  • nor are they perfectly disordered, containing maximum information. Somewhere in the middle,

    也不是完全的混亂無序(具有最大量資訊) 而是介於兩者之間

  • we can recognize complex patterns, and that is where we derive meaning. In music, poetry,

    我們可以辨識複雜的形式,而這也是意義的導源 音樂、詩歌

  • and ideas. It is this search for meaning that leads us to propose scientific theories, which

    以及思想 對於意義的探求使我們提出科學理論

  • if you think about it, are really our way of compressing the universe. For example,

    如果你仔細思考,科學理論就是我們壓縮宇宙的方式 舉例而言

  • general relativity, our current theory of gravity, compresses into one short equation.

    廣義相對論(目前關於重力的主流理論),將重力壓縮成一個簡短的方程式

  • Everything from how an apple falls to the earth, to how the moon orbits the earth, how

    它解釋了蘋果是如何掉落到地面 月亮如何繞著地球轉動

  • all the planets orbit the sun, how the sun orbits a supermassive blackhole at the center

    行星如何繞著太陽運行 太陽如何繞著銀河系中心超巨大黑洞運行

  • of our galaxy, how blackholes form and behave, and how the whole universe expands out from

    黑洞如何形成、有什麼樣的表現 整個宇宙如何從大霹靂後不斷擴張

  • the Big Bang. Now that we have this theory, the future is more predictable. I mean, we

    現在我們有廣義相對論,使得未來變得更可以預測 舉例來說,我們可以

  • can predict eclipses thousands of years into the future. So, with all of our scientific

    預測千年後的日蝕現象 所以,有了這些科學理論

  • theories, does that mean that the universe is completely not random? That it is perfectly

    是不是代表整個宇宙完全不是隨機的呢? 是不是代表整個宇宙完全可以

  • predictable? Well, let's assume for a second that Laplace was right, and that knowing the

    預測呢?我們先假設拉普拉斯是對的 只要知道

  • state of the universe at any one time, means you also know its state at every other time

    宇宙任一時間也的狀態,你就可以知道其他時間的狀態

  • as well. Well, that would mean that the information in our universe would be constant. But if

    這也代表了宇宙的資訊量是固定的

  • information is entropy, that would mean the entropy of the universe is also constant.

    但如果資訊是熵,那也代表了宇宙中的熵是恆定的

  • And that does not appear to be the universe that we live in. The second law of thermodynamics

    但這不是我們所觀測到的宇宙 熱力學第二運動定律告訴我們

  • states that entropy in the universe increases with time. Or in other words, things don't

    宇宙中的熵隨著時間的過去會不斷增加 換句話說,攪拌一杯水的時候

  • stir themselves apart. But if entropy is going up, that means the information in our universe

    物質不會因攪拌而分開 如果熵只會越來越大,那表示我們宇宙的資訊

  • is constantly increasing. That makes sense, because it would take more information to

    是不斷增加的,這其實非常合理 因為要釐清宇宙現在的狀態

  • specify the state of the universe now, than right after the Big Bang. So, where is this

    會比大霹靂之後沒多久的狀態需要更多資訊 那麼這些新資訊

  • new information coming from? My best bet is quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics describes

    是從哪來的呢?我想應該是量子力學 量子力學描述

  • how the 12 fundamental particles behave. And as spectacularly successful as it is, it is

    12種基本粒子如何表現 而最令人驚豔的是:它是一個

  • only a probabilistic theory. Meaning that you cannot predict with absolute certainty

    機率性的理論,也就是說你無法準確 預測一個電子

  • where an electron, say, will be at some later time. You can only calculate probabilities

    在確切時間會出現在哪個確切的位置 你只能計算你最可能在哪裡

  • of where you are likely to find it. So when you do interact with it, and locate the electron

    找到那個電子的機率 所以當你和它有接觸而確認電子的位置時

  • at a particular point, you have gained information. You now know something that you couldn't have

    你就獲得了全新的資訊,你知道了一些你本來

  • predicted with certainty beforehand. This drove Einstein crazy. He said, "God does not

    絕對無法預先預測的資訊 這令愛因斯坦非常抓狂,他曾經說過

  • play dice," referring to this. I mean, he wished that we could compress our theory of

    「上帝不擲骰子」,就是在說這件事 他希望我們可以再把量子力學

  • quantum mechanics further, so that we could really figure out where these particles were

    的理論更加壓縮,這麼一來我們就可以真正知道這些粒子到底會出現在哪裡

  • going to be. But maybe the reason why we haven't been able to compress quantum mechanics further,

    但或許我們無法繼續壓縮量子力學理論的原因是

  • is because fundamentally, it's random. Fundamentally, new information is being generated every time

    量子力學根本上是隨機的 基本上,只要量子事件發生

  • a quantum event like that occurs. In that case, it could be these quantum measurements

    新的資訊就會不斷的產生,在這種想法之下 量子測量就是

  • which are driving up the entropy of the universe. They are creating new information all of the

    導致宇宙中的熵增加的原因 他們不斷製造宇宙中新的資訊

  • time, and that means the disorder in our universe must go up. This is what we observe as the

    這也意味著宇宙中的混亂與無序一定會增加 這也是我們所觀察到的

  • second law of thermodynamics. You know, we often think about the second law as a curse.

    熱力學第二定律 我們常常以為第二定律是一個詛咒

  • As though everything which is ordered is going towards disorder. But maybe, I mean, it's

    因為所有井然有序的事物都註定走向混亂 但或許,只有在遵守第二定律

  • only in a universe where this law is obeyed, that the truly unexpected can occur. That

    的宇宙,才有辦法發生那些無法預期的事情

  • the future can be actually undetermined. For us really to have free will, we need the second

    未來無法完全被預測 如果人類要擁有決定未來的自由意志,那麼我們

  • law of thermodynamics. Now, you might think that these quantum events are too small to

    就會需要熱力學第二定律 你可能會以為這些量子事件太過微小

  • have any meaningful impact on the evolution of the universe, but that is not true. And

    以至於對於宇宙的演化沒有辦法產生深遠的影響 但這並不是真的

  • that's because, there are physical systems which are so dependent, so sensitive to the

    因為有些物理系統對於初始狀態非常敏感

  • initial conditions that any tiny change will end up making a big difference later down

    任何微小的改變最終都會導致極大的不同

  • the track. That's called "chaos." But it's also known as "the butterfly effect." So you

    這就是所謂的「混沌現象」 也是所謂的「蝴蝶效應」

  • and I could be such physical systems. Chaotic systems. And our free will could come from

    因此,你我都可能是這樣子的混沌系統 我們的自由意志來自於

  • quantum events in our brains. So it looks as though we live in a universe where the

    大腦裡的量子事件

  • future is yet to be determined. That is to say, it is at least somewhat random.

    我們活在一個未來沒有被完全決定的宇宙 至少有些事情是隨機發生的

  • - But Derek, what is the most random thing possible in the universe?

    但是Derek,宇宙中最隨機的事是什麼呢?

  • - That's a good question, Michael.

    這是一個非常好的問題,Michael

  • - You know, it's such a good question, I'm talking about it over on Vsauce. Do you wanna

    這個問題真的太好了,我要在Vsauce上討論 你想要

  • go find out about randomness with me?

    和我一起尋找隨機嗎?

  • - Let's go check it out.

    走吧

  • - Alright.

    好的

  • - And you can decide whether to click over or not.

    而你可以由自由意志決定 要不要點去那個連結

  • - Oh, that's nice.

    喔 太棒了

  • - Yeah!

    沒錯

  • - Yeah.

    沒錯

- What will happen tomorrow is not random. In other words, it's at least somewhat predictable.

明天會發生什麼事並不是完全隨機的 換句話說,至少有些事是可以預測的

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