we looked at adverb clauses of time,

我們已經認識了時間的副詞子句

and I showed you how to reduce them.

並且教你簡化副詞子句的方法

How to shorten the clauses to phrases.

也就是簡化副詞子句為副詞片語

We can also reduce adverb clauses of reason.

而我們也同樣能夠簡化理由副詞子句

These clauses begin with words like because, as, since.

這些子句通常用 because, as, since 做為開頭

They answer the question why.

用來回答問題的原因

Again, we mostly use a present participle。

同樣的，這邊大多使用動詞的現在分詞

the -ing form of a verb

也就是動詞的 -ing 形式

to form these phrases.

來構成分詞片語

That's because most of the time, we use active verbs

這是因為我們幾乎都使用動詞的主動形式

Here's an example. Because the mother heard strange sounds, she grew worried.

舉個例子，Because the mother heard strange sounds, she grew worried.

"Heard" is an active verb.

Heard 是主動的動詞

The mother did something.

媽媽做了這件事

She heard strange sounds.

她聽到奇怪的聲音

"Because the mother heard strange sounds"

"Because the mother heard strange sounds"

can be reduced.

可以被簡化為

Hearing strange sounds, the mother grew worried.

Hearing strange sounds, the mother grew worried.

The steps should be familiar.

簡化的步驟是相同的

We don't need these subordinating conjunctions in the phrases.

副詞片語不需要從屬連接詞

They're understood.

語意就已經包含在內了

Our new sentence:

這就是簡化後的句子

Note how we use negative words

在簡化複詞子句成為複詞片語時

when we shorten adverb clauses to phrases.

要注意否定詞的用法

It's quite simple.

其實滿簡單的

Here's an example from the story.

這是故事中的例句

Focus on the phrase.

仔細看副詞片語的部分

Do you see the word order?

有發現字詞的順序嗎?

We put the negative word before the present participle.

否定詞會放在現在分詞的前面

It's that simple.

就這麼簡單

Now, can you understand what the full adverb clause would be?

那你知道這句話原本的副詞子句是什麼嗎?

If we wanted to change that phrase back to a full adverb clause of reason,

如果我們要將副詞片語還原成原來的理由副詞子句

We need a subordinating conjunction.

我們必須加上一個從屬連接詞

- A word that expresses a reason.

一個能夠表示因果的詞

Let's use BECAUSE.

那就用 BECAUSE 吧

Subject: she.

主詞: she

And a verb.

動詞

In this case, complete with a helping verb in the past tense.

這邊需要一個過去式助動詞來完成句子

Didn't feel.

didn't feel

Is that clear?

這樣懂嗎?

Up to now, I've only mentioned use of the present participle.

到目前為止，我只有提到現在分詞的使用方式

When we change an adverb clause to a phrase,

在簡化複詞子句成為副詞片語時

we sometimes need to use a past participle.

有時候我們要用到過去分詞

The -ed form of a regular verb.

動詞的 ed 形式

It's that third form:

也就是動詞的第三態

Do - did - done.

do - did - done

The third form.

第三態

And we'll do this for two reasons.

會用到過去分詞有兩個理由

We may need to show an earlier time.

陳述過去發生的事

Or we may need to express a passive meaning.

或是用來表達被動語態

Passive verbs emphasize that the subject is receiving an action.

被動式用來表示主詞接受了某種動作

Let me give you some examples.

讓我舉幾個例子

Here's a line from the story.

這是故事中的某一句話

This phrase actually expresses both a reason

這個副詞片語同時表現了原因

and an earlier event.

以及過去發生的事件

The full adverb clause would be:

還原成完整的副詞子句就是：

So we're changing an adverb clause with a perfect form.

因此我們在簡化副詞子句時要用完成式

We need to use HAVING

這邊必須使用 HAVING

plus a past participle.

加上過去分詞

This form explains a sequence of events.

這個形式表達了事件的順序

So when your adverb clause has a perfect verb form,

所以當副詞子句中的動詞是完成式時

present or past,

不論是現在完成式或是過去完成式

use HAVING + a past participle.

請用 HAVING + 過去分詞

This will show that you're referring to an earlier event.

這樣才能用來表達這件事發生在更早之前

Now, if I only wanted to emphasize

現在如果我只是要強調

the order of events and not a reason,

事件的順序而不強調原因的話

I could just use a time word

我可以用一個時間副詞

and a present participle

和現在分詞

and say something like this:

這樣就可以造出這樣的句子:

Compare those two sentences.

請比較這兩個句子

In the end, they're not that different.

句意在最後其實沒有太大的差別

We also need to use a past participle

如果副詞子句中的動詞是被動式的話

when we have a passive verb in the adverb clause.

也需要用到過去分詞

Passive means that someone or something is receiving an action.

被動式用在某人或某物接受了一種動作

Here's an example from the story.

這是故事中的例句

What would the full adverb clause be?

原本完整的副詞子句是什麼呢?

It's an adverb clause of time.

這是一個時間副詞

"Was reassured" is a passive verb.

Was reassured 是一個動詞的被動式

It's a form of BE plus a past participle.

被動式型態為 Be動詞+過去分詞

Changing that to a phrase,

將被動式轉換為分詞片語

we keep both parts.

兩個部分都要保留

The form of BE takes the -ing form.

BE動詞變成 ing 形式

The present participle.

也就是現在分詞

The main verb remains a past participle.

主要動詞維持過去分詞形式

Now here's where it gets a little tricky.

接下來的部分需要動一下腦筋了

We have variations.

我們來做一點變化

This sentence could also be written as:

這句話可以變成這樣:

Why did she decide to investigate?

為什麼他決定要去一探究竟?

Some might choose to write:

有些人可能會這樣寫:

Personally, I think this is a little too much.

我個人覺得這樣就有點太超過了

The time word "after"

時間副詞 after

already establishes the order of events.

已經表達了事件發生的順序

So the helping verb HAVE is really unnecessary.

所以真的不需要助動詞 HAVE了

Concise is usually best.

簡潔扼要通常是最好的

So consider this last variation.

再來看看最後一個變化

All the sentences basically say the same thing.

這幾句話基本上表達的都是同一個意思

But this last one is nice

但最後一句最好

because it's so concise.

因為它最簡潔

We can remove all helping verbs

它把所有的助動詞都省略

and use only the past participle,

只留下過去分詞

understanding that it carries a passive meaning.

這樣也能表達被動語意

Something affected the mother.

某件事影響了這個母親

She was reassured.

她的疑慮被消除了

So now you know why you might need the help of a past participle.

現在你懂為什麼需要用到過去分詞了吧

But most of the time when you're changing an adverb clause to a phrase,

但大多數時候簡化副詞子句成為副詞片語的時候

you'll be working with present participles.

都會使用現在分詞

You'll be changing clauses with active verbs.

你會用動詞的主動形式