And what’s going on here?

那這裡又發生了什麼事？

And probably it isn’t hard to imagine how these two are feeling, right?

你應該不難想像他們倆位的感覺，對吧？

That’s because most humans are really good at silently communicating and interpreting

那是因為大部分人都擅長無聲地交流及解讀

a whole range of emotions using only facial muscles.

多種只用臉部肌肉而產生的表情

Whether it’s voluntary or involuntary, a simple curled lip, raised eyebrow,

不論是自願或是非自願，一個簡單噘起的嘴唇，上升的眉毛，

or crinkled nose says a lot.

或皺鼻子都說明了很多事情。

In fact, many psychologists think that some of our basic facial expressions，

事實上，很多心理學家認為我們的一些面部表情

like the ones that express anger, fear, happiness, surprise, sadness, and disgust are innate

比如用於表達生氣，害怕，開心，驚喜，傷心，以及噁心都是天生

not learned, and are universal across cultures.

而不是後學的，而且是各個文化都通用的。

That’s because these basic expressions probably started out as practical reactions to stimuli,

這是應該因為這些基本表情剛開始都是對刺激的自然反應，

and eventually became associated with emotions.

久而久之就成了表情了。

In his appropriately-named book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872,

通過達爾文在1872年精確的命名及發布的書《人及動物之表情》

Darwin helped popularize the idea of universality:

他幫助推廣了關於普遍性的理論

that we’re born to express emotions in a certain way.

我們是天生用一定的方式表示面部表情

He suggested that we humans inherited our emotional expressions from our ancestors,

他認為人類的表情是遺傳之我們的祖先，

and that these expressions helped increase survival by facilitating communication in

而通過這些表情來溝通幫助了我們生存在

social groups.

社交圈。

He also proposed that our expressions adapted to environmental stimuli,

他也認為我們的表情會適應環境的刺激而變化，

something that I will come back to in a minute.

這些我會稍後再說。

Darwin’s book even came with olden-day photos of people demonstrating facial expressions,

達爾文的書中還包含當時還人們示範面部表情的照片

like these pictures of people trying their best to show what grief looks like.

就好像這些照片中的人嘗試表示出哀傷的表情。

In the late 1960s, psychologist Paul Ekman began testing Darwin’s universality idea

在1960晚期，心理學家保羅·埃克曼開始測試達爾文的普遍性理論

by traveling around and conducting lots of independent, cross-cultural studies.

通過到處旅行進行多次獨立以及跨文化的研究。

In New Guinea, for example, he encountered an isolated culture that had never seen outsiders before.

舉個例子，在新幾內亞時，他發現了一個與外界隔離的文明。

He told subjects brief emotional stories like “old friends are coming to visit,” or

他對受試者說明一些簡單的情感事故，如「老朋友要來探訪」，或

“you just stepped on a rotten dead pig,” and he showed them a set of three different photographs of facial expressions.

「你踩到了腐爛的死豬」，然後他讓他們看一組擁有三個不同表情的照片。

Ekman found that they usually picked the expression that he expected them to associate with the

他發現他們都如他預期的選擇了一些與故事相符的表情

emotion in the story, like a frown for sadness.

如皺眉的照片表示悲傷。

So even though this culture was very isolated from ours, the population used the same basic

即使這一個文明與我們的隔離，他們的人民仍然使用相同的基本

facial expressions.

面部表情。

Other studies have found that infants, as well as people who were born blind, also use

其他研究發現初生嬰兒，或者是先天失明的人，也使用

the same facial expressions, without being taught which expressions go with which emotions.

相同的面部表情，即使沒有教導什麼樣表情對應怎麼樣的心情。

By the 1970s, Ekman and other researchers had started working on a more objective way

在1970年代，保羅·埃克曼和其他的研究者開始用更加目的性的方式

to measure these universal facial expressions, by documenting muscle activity on the face itself.

去衡量這些通用的面部表情，通過記錄臉部的肌肉運動。

They compiled what’s known as the Facial Action Coding System, or FACS.

他們編譯了一組面部動作編碼系統，簡稱 FACS

The system looks at muscle engagement, noting the intensity, duration, and asymmetry of an expression.

這個系統觀測肌肉的運用，注意力度，時間長短，以及表情的不對稱。

By comparing the muscle movements on someone’s face with what an expression is supposed to look like,

再通過比較其他人的的恰當的臉部表情及起肌肉運動

psychologists can use the FACS to help distinguish emotions. Like, telling real smiles from fake ones,

心理學家們可以用 FACS 來幫助判斷表情。就比如，判斷真或假的笑容

to detect if someone is lying, or to identify certain emotions in people who can’t express themselves verbally.

判斷一個人是否撒謊，又或者從無法用口頭表示心情的人上識別一些表情。

So it seems like we’ve probably evolved with some basic facial expressions built-in.

看來我們已經進化出一些先天的基本內在表情了。

And a 2013 study out of Cornell University looked at why.

接著在 2013 康奈爾大學的研究中我們可以看出為什麼，

The researchers had their subjects make neutral, scared, and disgusted expressions, and then

研究者們讓受試者們作出中性、害怕、以及噁心的表情，接著

measured how much light made it to their retinas with each expression.

衡量每種表情能讓多少光線進入他們的視網膜。

And it turns out that facial expressions may have first evolved to help us better react

結果發現這些面部表情是演變來幫助我們更加好的對應

to our environments by controlling our sensory input, like the amount of light we let into

我們環境，通過控制我們的感官輸入，比如讓多少的光線進入

our eyes.

我們的眼睛。

Say you’re walking through the jungle, for example, and suddenly you hear a loud crash.

假設當你通過一個森林時，忽然間你聽到劇烈的撞擊聲，

It scares you, and as an expression of fear sweeps across your face, you widen your eyes.

這讓你受到驚嚇，然而當你的臉出現恐慌的表情時，你的瞳孔會放大。

This immediately expands your field of vision, letting in more light, and heightening your

這會立即增廣你的視野，讓更多光線進入，以及增加你的

visual sensitivity to help you locate any danger.

視覺敏感度來幫助你發現任何危險。

But if, say, you accidentally step on a mound of mystery poo in the park, you’ll do something very different.

但假設你在公園是不小心踩到地上的便便，你將作出非常不一樣的反應

As you recoil in disgust, your eyes narrow, letting less light in as you sharpen your

正當你感到噁心時，你的瞳孔縮小，讓更少的光線進入來提升你的

focus to examine your soiled foot.

注意在監視你的臟腳

That classic disgusted nose-wrinkling also helps decrease the size of your nasal cavity

那經典的鼻子皺起也將幫助縮小你鼻腔的大小

and let less air flow through it, presumably so you don’t have to smell as much of whatever

讓更少的空氣流入，這樣你也不需要聞到任何

is giving you the nasties.

讓你有噁心感的味道。

This suggests that how you feel actually shapes your perception of reality, and

通過這個我們發現你的感覺將改變你的接收感官，以及

how much light hits the back of your eye.

讓多少的光線射入你的瞳孔。

Some social communication may have evolved from these reactions to outside stimuli, which

一些社交上的溝通也可能因為這些反應對外界刺激而演變，這也

also supports Darwin’s idea that basic facial expressions are universal.

支持了達爾文對共同面部表情的理論

Though there is definitely a learned component to our facial expressions, too.

當然也有些面部表情是學來的。

If you’ve ever nodded politely during a relative’s political rant, when really you

若你曾在一些政治言論中有禮貌的點頭，當你

felt like screaming inside, you know that we learn to control our faces and mask emotions in certain social situations.

內心其實在吶喊，你了解我們已經學會在一些社交場合控制我們的面部表情了

So, many facial expressions are probably innate. But managing them is a whole different story.

所以，有很多面部表情是天生的，但是要控制這些表情又將是另一回事了。

Thank you for watching this episode of SciShow, which was brought to you by our patrons on Patreon,

感謝你觀看這一集的SciShow，這是又我們在Patreon上的支持者帶給您的

thank you to all of you, so much for helping support this show. If you want

感謝他們，幫助及支持這一個節目。如果你想

to become one of those people, if you aren't already, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.

成為這些支持者，（若您還不是），你可以到patreon.com/scishow

And don’t forget to go to youtube.com/scishow and subscribe!

最後，不要忘記到 youtube.com/scishow 並訂閱喔！