Name: 長詞和短詞。語言類型學 (Long and Short Words: Language Typology)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:18:52.000Z
Duration: 4 min 37 s
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基礎被動語態

The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a “morpheme”. Let’s take a

lovely English word, “inconceivable”. There are three morphemes there:

conceive, which in this context means to form something in your head. Now you could break

that down further if we were in old Latin, but in English that is a morpheme: con and

ceive don’t mean anything on their own here.

Then we’ve got -able, which means the possibility of something. “Conceivable”. We can think

And then we've got in-, which negates it. “Inconceivable”. We cannot possibly think

Different languages have very different approaches on how to deal with morphemes, and those approaches

are the reason why some languages have many short words, and others have long structures

that are frequently difficult for adults learning a new language to deal with.

There’s a spectrum, and it stretches from “analytic” to “synthetic”.

Over on the analytical side, there are the isolating languages, like Chinese and Vietnamese.

Here, each morpheme is usually an entirely separate word. Assembling a sentence in one

of these languages means you’re mostly picking and choosing words and putting them next to

Next along this spectrum, there are the agglutinative languages, like Turkish and Inuktitut. “Agglutinative”

- it's a lovely word - has the same Latin roots as the word “glue”: you’re gluing

words together from their component parts. Rather than picking extra words to add to

your sentence, you’re adding prefixes or suffixes to words that are already there.

Depending on the language, you might add affixes for tense, person, number, belonging, possession,

or even things like whether an action was deliberate or not.

Next up are the fusional languages. They work in the same way -- assembling bits to make

a full word with all the meaning you want -- but now the bits you’re adding affect

the parts you’ve got already, tweaking how it looks or how it sounds. Not only that,

but each of the bits you’re adding can have multiple different meanings attached to it:

tense, number, person, all sorts of things can be coded with just one sound attached

to a word. Take “hablo” in Spanish. That -o morpheme? It means first person, singular,

present, indicative. That’s a lot of meaning in a very short sound.

And then, all the way over here, are the polysynthetic languages, basically the really, really extra-synthetic

languages. You’ll find this in Algonquian languages, up in the cold parts of North America.

This is where you can combine potentially a dozen or more morphemes, enough for a whole

sentence, a whole coherent thought, into one long word. And it really is a word: the individual

parts can’t be split apart and survive on their own. The morphemes you’re using might

be agglutinative, in separate blocks, or they might be fusional, affecting everything around

them, but at any rate you have an entire sentence in the form of one beautiful, long, interconnected

Now here’s the thing: most English speakers consider polysynthetic languages to be the

crazy side of language. It seems incredibly complicated. And for adults trying to learn

a polysynthetic language, it is incredibly confusing. But children may actually find

these languages easier to learn: because the words are long and intertwined, and each bit

affects another, there’s more redundancy there. If you mishear or misunderstand one

part, you’re much more likely to be able to work out what is meant from how the words

It’s important to remember that like many things in life, this is a spectrum. There

aren’t many languages that fit neatly into any one of these categories. English is actually

a fairly isolating language, down at this end of the scale -- but it’s still generally

classified as synthetic, because we’ve got many, many words like “inconceivable”.

And the family that English belongs to, Indo-European, is pretty synthetic, too.

And while this is the conventional approach to classifying languages, it does have a few

problems. It distinguishes loads of different categories on this side of the spectrum, but

it lumps all the isolating languages together. That’s probably because most of the linguists

who set up the classification -- particularly the early ones -- were European, so they concentrated

on the differences that made sense to them.

Languages are messy things that shift and change over time, between places and people.

Categorising them can be useful for research, and it tells you a few things about the possibilities

of what the human brain can do, but once you start to file them away you start to realise

that, like most everything about human communication, they really don’t fit into neat little boxes.

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