data ranks nearly every country’s perceived corruption based on levels of bribery, illegitimate

將各國的清廉印象排名，列入考量的有貪腐程度

government spending and lack of anti-corruption measures. Year after year, many of the same

不正當政府花費，以及缺乏反貪措施，多年來

countries are at the bottom of the list. So which countries take up these spots? And why

許多國家始終穩坐倒數名次，究竟是哪些國家呢？

are they so corrupt?

為何這些國家如此腐敗？

Well, as of the end of 2015, the three most corrupt countries are Afghanistan, Somalia

2015年，貪腐最嚴重的國家是阿富汗、索馬利亞和北韓

and North Korea. Much of Afghanistan’s prevailing corruption is linked to misuse of aid money

阿富汗的貪腐大部分是濫用國際捐助的善款

given to the country from international donors. The Afghan government pledged to combat this

阿富汗政府2012年承諾將會全力處理此問題

issue in 2012, however little progress has been made, as public officials benefit the

但情況並無明顯改善，因為政府官員

most from this type of corruption. Somalia suffers from a similar problem. A report by

就是貪污的罪魁禍首，索馬利亞也有相同問題

the World Bank showed that roughly $130 million dollars of donor funds to the federal government

世界銀行的報告顯示，捐給索國政府的捐款約有1.3億美元

had gone missing over just two years. What’s more, Somalia’s private enterprises pay

在短短兩年內憑空消失，此外，索馬利亞私人企業

little or no taxes to the state, but instead pay optional fees to government officials

幾乎沒有繳稅給國庫，反而選擇性繳錢給政府官員

who support their company’s interests. By contrast, bribes in North Korea are mostly

只要官員能為公司帶來好處，相比之下，北韓的賄賂

paid by citizens. For example, North Koreans who are looking for a better job must pay

大部分來自平民，例如，北韓人若想找到好一點的工作

a public official to assign them to one, as all citizens are selected for jobs by the government.

就要塞錢給分派工作的政府官員，因為人民的工作都是由政府指派

What these three and most corrupt countries have in common is armed conflict and political

這三個腐敗國家的相似之處，就是武裝衝突和政治迫害

oppression, which are environments where public sector corruption particularly thrive.

在這些環境中，也最容易出現公部門貪腐

The country that took the biggest tumble was Brazil, which dropped seven positions in just

清廉指數名次退步最多的是巴西，一年就掉了7名

one year. This is due in part to the Petrobras scandal, in which Brazilian politicians allegedly

部分原因是巴西石油醜聞，據傳巴西政治人物

took millions of dollars in bribes in exchange for awarding public contracts. The incident

收取數百萬美元回扣，並將合約發包給巴西石油公司

slowed investments in energy and construction, costing tens of thousands of Brazilians to

醜聞爆發使得能源建設投資減少，害上萬巴西人失業

lose their jobs. However Brazil could see a turnaround in 2016, as mass public protests

不過巴西2016年便能捲土重來，因為民眾大型抗議活動

have pressured the government to introduce anti-corruption legislation.

已經迫使政府立法反貪腐

In contrast, northern Europe saw the least corruption in 2015, with Denmark, Finland

另一方面，北歐國家是2015年最清廉國家

and Sweden at the top of the list. Scandinavian countries repeatedly rank well in corruption

丹麥、芬蘭和瑞典都名列前茅，北歐國家向來名次優異

studies, mainly because they allow public access to the government’s budget information,

大致因為開放大眾索取政府預算資訊

so citizens can see exactly where public money comes from and how it’s spent. These countries

這樣人民便能看到政府的錢從何而來又花在哪裡

also have high levels of press freedom and a judicial system that does not base decisions

北歐國家的媒體自由度極高，司法體系並不以個人收入為依歸

on a person’s income.

北歐國家的媒體自由度極高，司法體系並不以個人收入為依歸

Still, no country is completely free of corruption. In fact, even the highest ranking countries

不過，沒有任何國家是完全清廉的，就連排名最高的國家

have been linked to unlawful deals outside their borders. The best example of this is

都有境外非法交易的存在，最佳範例就是

TeliaSonera, a company partially owned by the Swedish state, which allegedly paid millions

由瑞典政府部分持股的TeliaSonera公司，據說該公司

of dollars in bribes to Uzbekistan in order to secure business there. However incidents

為了拉攏生意，花了數百萬美金在烏茲別克行賄

like this are not factored into the corruption index, because it only reflects government

不過此類活動並不在清廉指數的考量中，因為指數只顯示

corruption within a country’s borders - not corruption overseas or in the private sector.

國境內的政府貪污，不包括海外賄賂或私部門貪腐

But despite alleged corruption in supposedly un-corrupt countries, more countries are moving

雖然清廉的國家有腐敗的傳聞，但指數排名中

up the index than are moving down. According to the world bank, one of the best ways to

有更多進步的國家，根據世界銀行，打擊貪腐最好的方法

combat corruption is to create policies that thoroughly investigate and report government

就是制定政策，全面調查和報告政府花費

spending. Still, more than 6 billion people live under corrupt governments. And until

現在仍有超過60億人生活在腐敗的政府之下

more countries adopt similar policies, that number is likely to increase.

除非更多國家採取打貪政策，這個人數只會更多

If you want a closer look at corruption issues in individual countries, like Brazil, check

如果想瞭解各國，如巴西的貪腐問題

out our corruption playlist. Thanks for watching Test Tube News, don’t forget to like and

請看我們的貪腐播放清單，感謝收看TestTube News，別忘了按讚

subscribe for new videos every day.

和訂閱每日最新影片