of taking part in the ISIS oil trade. Russian officials released photographs showing thousands

參與伊斯蘭國的石油貿易 ,在俄羅斯官員發布的相片中顯示

of tanker trucks heading from ISIS controlled areas into Turkish territory. But Turkey’s

數千輛油罐車從伊斯蘭國控制區域開往土耳其境內

President has said these accusations are slanderous, and that he will resign if they are true.

但是土耳其總統說,這些指控簡直是毀謗,還說,如果指控屬實,就辭職下台

So, what is going on? Is Turkey actually buying ISIS oil?

所以，究竟發生了什麼事？土耳其真的有向伊斯蘭國購買石油嗎？

Well, obviously it’s a little complicated. Nearly half a billion dollars of oil are somehow

顯然地，目前情勢有點複雜。美國財政部指出，價值逼近五億美金的石油

being smuggled out of the Islamic State according to the US Treasury Department. By the end

被以某種管道走私出伊斯蘭國外

of 2014, ISIS was believed to control more than half of Syria’s oil fields, and several

在2014年年底，伊斯蘭國已經控制過半的敘利亞油田

more in Iraq. And in February 2015, it was estimated that roughly 45,000 barrels of oil

還有部分的伊拉克油田. 在2015年二月,

were being processed a day. So what happens to this oil?

估計每天可以處理 45,000桶的原油,那之後這些油怎麼了呢?

According to Middle East energy analyst, David Butter, the oil is refined by paid engineers

根據中東石油分析師,David Butter,指出,這些石油會交由仍在伊斯蘭國內的工程師精煉

while still on ISIS territory. These refineries have been the targets of recent airstrikes

在最近幾次來自美國,法國等國的空襲行動中,這些煉油廠一直被當作攻擊目標

by the United States, France,and others, which has cut down on potential oil revenue. But

這些空襲行動大大減損了伊斯蘭國未來的石油獲利

once the oil is refined, it follows an existing oil smuggling network established by Saddam

石油被精煉後,就透過現成的路線走私出去,這些走私路線是海珊總統

Hussein in the early 1990s. At the time, Iraq was under UN sanctions, but relied on a quote

在1990年代建立的. 因為在當時,伊拉克受到聯合國制裁,

“shadow network” of smugglers running through Iraq into Turkey. These same routes

但是憑藉著"影子網路",走私者可以將石油走私進土耳其

are believed to be utilized by ISIS, according to a former CIA counterterrorism officer,

根據前CIA反恐官員,伊斯蘭國也是借道庫德族的領土

by using Kurdish territory to move the oil West into Turkey.

,透過相同的路線走私到土耳其

Although it is difficult to determine where the oil ends up, it is believed to make a

雖然很難確定石油最終是到哪了,但是可以確信的是

stop in the city of Adana in southeast Turkey, which is home to what is called the BTC oil

會在土耳其東南部的亞達那城停留,亞達那城是 BTC 油管的總部

pipeline. An analysis by the University of Greenwich looked at oil tanker rates rising

格林威治大學的分析顯示,在油管終點的油運費率起起伏伏

and falling at the pipeline’s oil terminal. These rates tended to spike during times when

當伊斯蘭國在產油地附近開戰時,油運費就會有上升的趨勢

ISIS would fight near oil producing regions, suggesting a link between ISIS oil production

這現象暗示了,伊斯蘭國的產油量與土耳其的油運費影有關聯

and shipping rates in Turkey. The authors of the study are careful, however, not to

該分析的作者,態度謹慎,不直接將此當做

use this as evidence of the Turkish government’s role in the ISIS oil trade. And while most

土耳其政府牽涉伊斯蘭國石油貿易的證據

of the actual buying and selling is believed to occur within Turkey, it is likely among

然而,大部分的買家和賣家都是在土耳其內交易的

smaller, unaffiliated traders.

,可能是一些較小,且獨立的貿易商

But what is perhaps more complicated is that Turkey’s President and his family are deeply

但讓情況更加複雜的是,土耳其總統與其家族

intertwined in the country’s state-owned energy services, including the oil port in

與國有的能源服務機構有莫大的關係，該機構負責在亞達那的出口業務

Adana. Turkish intelligence services have also been accused of using Adana to transfer

土耳其情報機構受到指控，在2014年初，將偽裝成人道救援物資的武器

weapons disguised as humanitarian aid to terrorist cells in Syria in early 2014.

經由亞達那運送給在敘利亞的恐怖份子

To what extent the Turkish government is involved in the potential sale of ISIS oil is unclear,

如果真的有關係的話，那到底土耳其參與伊斯蘭國的石油貿易到什麼程度仍是不清楚

if at all. However, the lingering questions surrounding the shooting down of Russia’s

擊落俄羅斯戰機後，各種懸而未決的疑問

plane, coupled with a long history of politically suspicious behavior, suggests that Turkey

加上長久以來的歷史因素，還有上述種種可疑的行徑

may not be as innocent as they claim.

這或許暗示了，土耳其並非如他們所聲稱的無辜

But oil isn’t the only source of revenue ISIS sees. To find out how the terrorist group

但是，石油並非伊斯蘭國唯一的收入來源

makes their money, check out this video. Thanks for watching TestTube News, don’t forget

觀看這則影片，瞭解這恐怖組織如何籌措資金，感謝收看TestTube News

to like and subscribe for new videos every day.

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