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  • Hey everyone, thanks for tuning into **** today, I’m Trace. This is a show where we take

  • a big topic and we break it down into a bunch of different pieces we all get a little bit

  • better, this is episode 205 on language and today were gonna talk about how language

  • makes your brain a little bit bigger. Literally it does that. When you have a new language

  • in your brain, you brain has to essentially grow in size, it has to make more connection,

  • it has to learn how to do this whole new thing. A Swedish Arm Forces Interpreter Academy has

  • a study where students were tasked with learning a language at very fast rate. RMI cans are

  • showing that specific parts of the brain were developing in size, they were getting bigger,

  • just because they were learning a language, another group was tasked with learning something

  • else. You guys learn this, their brain structure didn’t change in size at all. So learning

  • a language is really great for your brain for a number of different reasons. It also

  • significantly improves cognitive functions when you pick up a new language. A study found

  • that young adults proficient in two languages performed better on attention tasks; had better

  • concentration, as well than those who spoke only one language. This is a study published

  • in the Journal Frontier in Psychology. There is also a landmark study in the Annals of

  • Neurology by the American Neurological Association. This was a longitudinal study. So what they

  • did is over time. They scanned kidsbrains, and then came back decades later and scanned

  • their brains again, and they found better cognitive function at an older age when they

  • learned a second language at an earlier age. So if they learned a language when they were

  • young, they had better cognitive function when they were older. It actually slowed down

  • brain aging and hold off Alzheimer’s in these people for more than 4.5 years or approximately

  • that. Cognitive functions were not hindered and in fact their brains are healthier as

  • adults because they learned a second language as a kid. That great. Being bilingual or trilingual

  • or more is really awesome for your brain. So what happens in your brain when you hear

  • a word is that the sound is arriving in sequential orders, so your brain starts to populate what

  • the rest of the word is, here is it, sort of like google-auto-complete, you start typing,

  • and you are getting things, and it’s trying to figure out what you are typing, it’s

  • the same thing. Your brain does that too. So if I were trying to say the word: canister,

  • your brain hears can, and your brain, just now when I said that, started putting words

  • together inside itself. It’s like: canCanada, cannot, cannery, cannabis, candle,

  • canonical, canoe, it’s like I’m trying to figure this out, of course that’s just

  • English words, when you are bilingual, it’s also gonna includes words from your second

  • language, and if your trilingual, third language. It’s gonna try all these different combinations,

  • that’s a lot of processing, requires a lot of effort. The thing is though, they are going

  • to make you think language was determining what you are thinking, which isn’t really

  • true at all, although, it’s still debated. One of our writers here came up with a quote

  • based on a number of other different ideas which is: culture could be shaped through

  • the prism of language, which I really like. Nice one, Jules. According to Roman Jacobson,

  • a world-renowned linguist, languages differ essentially in what they must convey, not

  • in what they may convey. So language doesn’t determine that you think, but it can determine

  • how you think about things. So the wordforkin French is a feminine word, in Spanish it’s

  • a masculine word, many Latin based languages have masculine and feminine words, so, the

  • word *** in Spanish means beach, and it’s a feminine word because it ends in A, if it

  • ended in O, it would be a masculine word. So what they did in the study is they ask

  • people to say a word, like the word, fork, in a cartoon voice, the participants in French

  • made a high-pitched voice, because that word is feminine, in Spanish, they made a masculine

  • grunting voice, because that word is masculine. It’s the same word, it’s a fork, it’s

  • just a thing, but we ascribe ideas to it based on our own language, right? Our language determines,

  • it’s the prism in which we see the world. An interesting way to look at it. Another

  • example might be in some indigenous tribes will say: north, south, east, west, rather

  • than saying left or right. So when we are walking down the street you ask somebody where

  • to go, theyll say: oh, go down there and turn right. Some people, en, in English, but

  • also some tribes, would just say: go down there and turn east. Now depending on which

  • way youre face, east will never gonna change, but right will, and there is the consequence

  • that people in these tribes have usually better spacial orientation, because they already

  • understand where theyre facing. Russian speakers who have more words for light and

  • dark blue are better able to visually discriminate shades of blue, and that also works in English,

  • think about this way: designers, or people who work in fashion, people who work in color,

  • are better at describing color and some theories suggest that they actually see, physically

  • see more color, than people who don’t have words for them. if you see three different

  • pinks in a row, and some people say: that’s pink, that’s magenta, that’s fuchsin.

  • Some people would just say: pink, and that’s also pink, it’s like a different pink, and

  • that’s a different pink, they may physically remember those things later as just one shade

  • of pink, because that’s how their language has just changed their perception. English

  • is a Germanic language, which makes languages like Scandinavian and Dutch easier to learn,

  • and it’s also Latin-based, which make French, and Italian and Spanish, easier to learn.

  • The thing is, there is no origin sharing with Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Arabic; and

  • that make them very difficult to learn. The easiest language to learn when you are an

  • English speaker according to the foreign service institute comes in various categories. So

  • Category 1 takes about 23-24 weeks, or about 600 hours at most, and you can learn: Afrikaans,

  • Danish Dutch French ItalianLatin based languages, especially easy, because English

  • also based there. Category 2 takes about 30 weeks, 750 hours, that’s German, completely

  • different pronunciations and things, lots of different words, much more complicated.

  • Category 3, 37 weeks, about 900 hours, you can get Indonesian, Malaysian, Swahili, getting

  • more and more complicated, and less and less similar to your native language. Again, this

  • is for English speakers. Category 4, is 44 weeks, or about 1100 hours, you get Thai,

  • Albanian, Vietnamese, Russian. Category 5 is 2200 hours, and that’s Arabic, Mandarin,

  • Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, and these are languages just like English except they are

  • not at all like English. Some of these languages have basis in ideograms, instead of, you know,

  • vocabulary construction in the way that English does, and on top of that, mandarin has, as

  • very famously, has tones. That is to say it’s got a variety of different tonal levels you

  • have to speak in, and different tones mean different things. There’s also something

  • else when you get to things like Mandarin, we have tonal languages. Languages where if

  • I say, hi versus hi, those can be two very different meanings. And this is why Chinese

  • and the similar languages are very difficult for English speakers, we are not used to speak

  • in tones, and science does say though, interestingly, that tonal language speakers have distinct

  • advantages when they are learning to play or at least understand musical instruments.

  • Because a Plus1 study looked at Cantonese speakers who had no musical training, they

  • possessed pitch and tone understanding similar to trained musicians as opposed to English

  • speakers with no tone base. You can understand it as easily. So languages are good for your

  • brain, and we can all agree. Do you know any other languages, how many do you know. Let

  • us down on the comments, make sure you subscribe ****, come back tomorrow, we are gonna talk

  • a little bit about how language evolves and also how they sometimes die. If you want to

  • see that, make sure you subscribe.

Hey everyone, thanks for tuning into **** today, I’m Trace. This is a show where we take

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語言如何改變你的大腦 (How Does Language Change Your Brain)

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    Jian Du 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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