are full of so much confusion and pain. He tells us why life is hard, and how to cope.

有許多困惑與痛苦。他告訴我們為何生命是艱苦的以及我們該如何與之抗衡

His own life incurred a lot of anxiety. Sigmund Schlomo Freud was born to a middle-class Jewish family

佛洛伊德自己的生活也充滿了焦慮，他出生於一個中產階級猶太家庭

in 1856.

1856出生

His professional life was not an immediate success. As a medical student,

他的職業生涯並非一開始成功，在醫學院讀書時

he dissected hundreds of eels in an unsuccessful attempt to locate their reproductive organs.

他解剖了上百隻鱔魚都找不到它們的生殖器官

He promoted cocaine as a medical drug, but it turned out to be a dangerous and addictive idea.

他提倡古柯鹼可作藥物使用，但結果是它相當危險且會使人上癮

A few years later he founded the discipline that would ultimately make his name.

數年後他創立了一個學科使他成名

A new psychological medicine he called

新的心理醫學

PSYCHOANALYSIS

他稱之為心理分析

The landmark study was his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams.

1900年他寫了一本書名為「夢的解析」，是極為了不起的研究

Many others followed.

受到好多人推崇

Despite his success, he was often unhappy.

雖然很成功，但他並不是很快樂

During some particularly strenuous research he recorded, "The chief patient I am preoccupied with is myself.”

他記錄了一些特別重要的研究，「我最主要的病人其是我自己」

He was convinced he would die between 61 and 62 and had great phobias about those numbers.

他一直以為自己會在61或62歲時死，對這兩個數字特別恐懼

Although he actually died much later, at age 83.

但實際上他一直活到83歲才過世

Perhaps because of his frustrations, Freud achieved a series of deep insights into the

也許正是因為他的沮喪，佛洛伊德完成一系列能夠深入解析

sources of human unhappiness.

人類的不快樂的源頭

He proposed that we are all driven by the

他提出趨使人類去生活的原因是

Pleasure Principle

享樂原則

which inclines us towards easy physical and emotional rewards

意思是人們很容易追求身體與心理的報酬

and away from unpleasant things like drudgery and discipline. As infants we are guided more or less solely

而逃避不愉快的事物如苦工或紀律。我們從嬰兒時期就或多或少

according to the pleasure principle, Freud argued.

受享樂原則影響，佛洛伊德主張

But it will, if adhered to without constraints, lead us to dangerous reckless things

但如果沒有限制之下去一味追求，會導致危險

like never doing any work eating too much

像好吃不做工

or, most notoriously, sleeping with members of own family.

或更甚者和自家人通奸

We need to adjust to what Freud called

我們人需要如佛洛伊德所說的去調適

THE REALITY PRINCIPLE

以符合現實的原則

Though we all have to bow to this reality principle, Freud believed that

雖然我們必須向現實原則低頭，佛洛伊德相信

there were better and worse kinds of adaptations. He called the troublesome ones

有好的也有壞的方式去調適自我，稱那些有問題的人

NEUROSES

患有精神官能症

Neuroses are the result of faulty negotiations with – or in Freud's language,

精神官能症（以佛洛伊德的說法）是因為病人錯誤地壓抑自己所造成

repression of – the pleasure principle.

壓抑自我的享樂原則

Freud described a conflict between three parts of our minds: the

佛洛伊德認為我們的心智裡有三個部分是互相衝突

the ID

一個是 ID （伊底或本我）

driven by the pleasure principle,

受享樂原則驅使

the SUPEREGO

SUPEREGO 超我

driven by a desire to follow the rules and do the right thing according to society.

則受到規則的影響，遵守社會的道德判斷

and

然後還有

the EGO

EGO 自我

which has to somehow accommodate the other two.

在兩者之間協調

To understand more about these dynamics, Freud urged us to think back to the origins of our

要瞭解這個動態的結構，佛洛伊德要我們思考人類的起源

neuroses in childhood.

兒童時期的心理

As we grow up, we go through what Freud termed

兒童成長期會經過佛洛伊德命名的幾個時期

THE ORAL PHASE

口腔期

where we deal with all the feelings around ingestion and eating.

藉由咀嚼、吞嚥等活動獲得滿足

If our parents aren't careful we might pick up all kinds of neuroses here: we might take

父母若沒有很小心，兒童可能會發展一些官能問題，我們可能會

pleasure in refusing food, or turn to food to calm ourselves down,

透過拒絕食物來感覺愉快，或藉由食物獲得慰藉

, or hate the idea of depending on anyone else for food.

或憎恨因為必須依靠他人獲得食物

Then comes

然後

THE ANAL PHASE

肛門期

which is closely aligned with what we now call “potty-training".

是在我們「排泄訓練」 的時期

During this period, our parents tell us what to do, and when to go.

這段期間，父母會告訴我們怎麼上廁所和什麼時候大小便

At this phase we begin to learn about testing the limits of authority.

這個階段，我們學習去測試權威的界線

Again, if things go wrong, if we don't feel authority is benign enough,

還有，如果出錯了或是我們認為權威不夠友善

we might, for example, choose to withhold out of defiance.

我們可能會選擇因為想要挑戰權威而不服從

Then, as adults, we might become “anally retentive”; in other words, not able to

長大後，我變得過分注重細節，換句話說就是無法

give or surrender.

讓步或投降

Next comes,

接下來的是

THE PHALLIC PHASE

性器期

which goes until about age 6. Freud shocked his contemporaries by insisting that little

直得大約六歲時開始，佛洛依德觀點震驚了世人

children have sexual feelings. Moreover, in the phallic phase children direct their sexual

他堅持兒童有性慾。更且，兒童性器期的性對象

impulses towards their parents, the most immediately available and gratifying people around.

是向著父母，因為父母是最親近的而且容易滿足自我性欲的人

Freud famously described what he called

佛洛依德一項著名的觀點是他所稱的

THE OEDIPUS COMPLEX

伊底帕斯情節

Where we are unconsciously predisposed towards

指的是人類在無意識下會有

“being in love with the one parent and hating the other.”

「喜愛父母之中的一方而憎恨另一方」

What is complex is that no matter how much our parents love us, they cannot extend this to sexual life

為什麼會有這種情節是因為父母不論多愛子女，父母的性事

and will always have another life with a partner. This makes our young selves

仍然只有父母彼此能參與，這使得年幼的兒童

feel dangerously jealous and angry – and also ashamed and guilty about this anger.

感覺到愛受到威脅，因此生氣或妒忌，同時又為了自我的憤怒感到難為情和罪惡感

The complex provides a huge amount of internalised worry for a small child.

這種情節對幼小的兒童帶來很大的內在憂慮

Ultimately, most of us experience some form of confusion around our parents

最終，大多數人在父母身邊經歷過某種形式的困惑

that later ties into our ideas of love.

之後和愛的想法有關係

Mum and dad may both give us love, but they often mix it in with disturbed behavior.

父母兩者都愛我們，但他們的愛常伴隨著一些令我們困擾的行為

Yet because we love them, we remain loyal to them and also to their bizarre, destructive patterns.

但正因為我們愛父母，因此我們保持對他們忠誠，甚至是他們怪異、有害的行為

For example, if our mother is cold, we will be apt nevertheless to long for her.

例如，如果媽很冷淡，我們仍然盼望她

And as a result, however, we may be prone to always associate love with a certain distance.

結論是，我們有可能傾向於連結愛與距離

Naturally, the result is very difficult adult relationships. Often the kind of love we've learned from mum and dad

很自然地，對於成人後的男女關係造成困難，因為從父母那兒學到的愛

means we can't fuse sex and love

使得有些人沒有辦法將性和愛融合在一起

because the people we learnt about love from are also those we were blocked from having sex with. We might find that the

沒有辦法和教我們愛的人發生性關係。我們將會發現

more in love with someone we are, the harder it becomes to make love to them.

愈是愛一個人愈無法和那個人做愛

This can reach a pitch of crisis after a few years of marriage and some kids.

這可能會造成某些人的婚姻問題，甚至生育兒女

Freud compared the issues we so often have with intimacy to hedgehogs in the winter.

佛洛伊德將這個情況比喻為冬天刺蝟的親密行為

they need to cuddle for warmth, but they also can't come too close because they're prickly.

他們因為取暖而抱在一起，但他們身上的刺使彼此無法接近

There's no easy solution. Freud says we can't make ourselves fully rational,

這個問題不容易解決。佛洛伊德說我們沒有辦法讓自己完全理性

and we can't change society, either. In his 1930 book Civilization and its Discontents,

我們也無法改變社會。佛洛伊德1930年的書《文明及其不滿》中

Freud wrote that society provides us with many things, but it does this by imposing

佛洛伊德寫道社會提供給人類許多，但它是透過這些來控制我們

heavy dictates on us: insisting that we sleep with only a few (usually one) other,

如我們只能有幾位（通常是一位）性伴侶

imposing the incest taboo, requiring us to put off our immediate desires, demanding that we follow authority

禁止近親通奸、要求人壓抑欲望、遵從權威

and work to make money. Societies themselves are neurotic

工作賺錢，社會本身是神精質的

that is how they function and it's why there are constant wars and other troubles.

它的功能即此，所以人類才有戰爭及衝突

Freud attempted to invent a treatment for our many neuroses, he called it, psychoanalysis.

佛洛伊德想為許多精神患者發展治療的方法，他稱之為，精神分析

He thought that with a little proper analysis, people could uncover what ails them

他認為只要適度的做一點分析，人就可以得知什麼困擾他們

and better adjust to the difficulties of reality.

以及現實中適應困難較好的方法

In his sessions, he analyzed a number of key things.

他的心理分析中分析有幾項重點

He looked at people's dreams, which he saw as expressions of

他觀察夢境，其中有他所稱

WISH FULFILLMENTS

願望實現

He also looked at

他也觀察

PARAPRAXES

行為倒錯

or slips of the tongue.

或是口誤

We now call these revealing mistakes

我們現在稱之為無意識的錯誤

FREUDIAN SLIPS

佛洛伊德錯誤

Like when we write “thigh” when we wanted to write “though”.

例如我們寫「thigh」，其實要寫的是「though」

He also liked to think about jokes. He believed that jokes often help us make fun of something

他也常思考有關笑話，他認為取笑死亡或婚姻，有助於我們

symbolic like death or marriage, and thus relieve some of our anxiety about these topics.

減輕我們對這些事物的焦慮

There's a temptation to say Freud just made everything up, and life isn't quite so hard

我們可能難以避免去說佛洛伊德真的太會扯了，人生沒有那麼難

as he makes it out to be. But then one morning we find ourselves filled with

像他說得那麼難，但是若有一天早上起來我們心裡充滿

inexplicable anger towards our partner, or running high with unrelenting anxiety on the train to work,

對於伴侶的怨氣，或突然在上班搭捷運途中感到無比的焦慮

and we're reminded all over again just how elusive, difficult, and Freudian

我們會回想起這些難以捉摸、困難、及佛洛伊德的

our mental workings actually are.

人的心理是很難捉摸的

We could still reject his work, of course. But as Freud said,

我們當然可以反對佛洛伊德的觀點，但他說

“No one who disdains the key will ever be able to unlock the door.”

「輕視鑰匙的人沒有辦法開門」

We could all use a bit more of Freud's ideas

也許我們可以參考佛洛伊德的方法

to help us unpick ourselves.

來打開我們心靈的門