who could afford to have portraits painted

had any notion of what their ancestors looked like.

Photography was used primarily for portraits

because people is what we are primarily interested in.

We see it as a very popular way to do what we’ve always wanted to do

which is to record the features of people we love.

I’m going to show you a collodion negative on glass

very carefully.

This process was invented in 1851 by Frederick Scott Archer.

In the 1850’s you have the daguerreotype,

you had the calotype paper negative.

The daguerreotype was a commercial success.

The plate that they hand the customer is the same

plate that was in the camera.

There’s no negative.

What you got with the calotype was a negative

and it was a negative that could be reproduced very easily.

You could print dozens even hundreds

of positive prints from that negative.

But it made a very soft photograph.

It was much less sensitive than the daguerreotype.

You couldn’t do portraits easily with that process.

The desire was to have the reproducibility of a positive / negative process

with the precision and detail of the daguerreotype.

In 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented

the process called the wet collodion process.

The wet plate process can give you a negative

to make paper prints.

It can give you a direct positive plate called an ambrotype

and another direct positive plate called a tintype.

When you do the wet plate process

you make a glass negative

and that glass negative can then be contact printed

onto various printing processes and make 1000’s and 1000’s of prints.

By the time you get to the late 1850’s it really replaces the daguerreotype.

The positive / negative process won out

in part because it was more economically viable.

It does require some advance planning when you’re taking it on the road.

You have to have a portable darkroom.

You pour the collodion on the plate, you dip it in the silver bath

and while it’s dripping wet with silver nitrate

you take the picture

you come back and develop it and

you have to do all of that before the plate dries.

And so the people who made landscape images

they had to carry a wagon with all their chemicals.

It was a challenge.

So you can see on this negative the pour marks

which are characteristic of the wet collodion process.

See this kind of wave up here that’s a pour mark

from when the photographer poured the developer onto the glass.

The camera that took this photograph would have

had to have been quite large to accommodate a negative of this size.

You could do a lot of things with collodion besides make a negative

You could back it with black paper, or black cloth

and you ended up with a positive.

These kinds of photographs, they were called ambrotypes

were generally cased and presented in the same way that daguerreotypes were.

You could expose a positive onto a metal plate

and for funny reasons these were called tintypes

even though they weren’t made on tin.

Tintypes were one of the earliest truly democratic kinds of photography.

During the American Civil War we see hundreds, thousands

of tintype images made by soldiers to send a picture home.

This is a H.B. Lewis wet plate camera

your typical civil war portrait camera.

It’s the camera that the tintypes of the soldiers would have been made from.

Photography shaped the way we remember things.

It’s a really important cultural change.

No longer through ballads and poems and stories

but through looking at a likeness is the way we remember

what happened and who was.