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  • Aristotle was the original Renaissance Man - long before the Renaissance.

    早在文藝復興時期之前,亞里斯多德就已經是個通才(文藝復興時期標榜通才教育)了。

  • He wrote about biology, ethics, logic, physics, rhetoric, politics, and countless other subjects.

    他曾寫過關於生物學、倫理學、邏輯、物理學、修辭學、政治學與其他無數的主題。

  • In sum, Aristotle’s work comprised the first SYSTEMATIC form of Western Philosophy.

    總而言之,亞里斯多德的著作形成了西洋哲學史上第一套有組織架構的系統。

  • Aristotle is also considered the first genuine scientist in history.

    亞里斯多德也被認為是歷史上第一個真正的科學家。

  • Aristotle was born in Stagira, in northern Greece, around 384 BC.

    亞里斯多德於西元前 384 年誕生於希臘北方的斯塔基拉。

  • His father was Nicomachus, the court physician in Macedonia under King Amyntas III.

    他的父親名叫尼各馬可,是馬其頓國王阿明塔斯三世的宮廷御醫。

  • Aristotle’s parents died when he was young. He was cared for by his older sister and her husband.

    亞里斯多德的雙親在他年幼時就已經過世了。他由他的姐姐和姐夫一手帶大。

  • Not much is known about Aristotle’s early education, although it is thought he studied medicine like his father.

    我們對亞里斯多德的早期受教情況知道的不多,但大多認為他和他父親一樣是學醫的。

  • In 367 BC, when Aristotle was 17, he was sent to Athens to pursue higher education.

    西元前 367 年,亞里斯多德 17 歲時,他被送到雅典去接受更高等的教育。

  • Athens at this time was the best place in the world to be educated.

    當時的雅典是全世界最適合受教育的地方。

  • Aristotle enrolled in The Academy, the school founded by Plato.

    亞里斯多德進入了由柏拉圖創辦的學院就讀。

  • He was a star pupil at the Academy, and stayed on at the school as an instructor. He remained at the Academy for 20 years.

    他在學院裡是個明星學生,同時也在學校擔任講師。他一直在學院裡待了 20 年。

  • Although Aristotle was a valued member of the Academy, he was not seen as Plato’s successor.

    儘管亞里斯多德在學院裡是備受崇敬的成員,他並不被認為是柏拉圖的接班人。

  • This was because of some fundamental differences between their philosophies.

    這是因為在他們兩人的哲學理論中,存在著一些根本的差異。

  • Plato believed that true knowledge could only be achieved through Reason, while Aristotle favored experimentation with real objects.

    柏拉圖認為,真正的知識只能藉由理性來獲得,但亞里斯多德卻傾向對實體的觀察與分析。

  • When Plato died, Aristotle did not take over the Academy as some imagined he might, but instead went back to Macedonia.

    在柏拉圖死後,亞里斯多德並沒有如預期地接管學院,反之,他回到了馬其頓。

  • Aristotle was welcomed back into the Royal fold in Macedonia.

    亞里斯多德受到馬其頓皇室熱烈的歡迎。

  • He became a tutor to King Philip II’s teenage son, Alexander (whom we know as Alexander The Great).

    他成為腓力國王正值青春期的兒子亞歷山大(也就是我們熟知的亞歷山大大帝)的家庭教師。

  • At the age of 20, Alexander succeeded to his father’s throne.

    20 歲時,亞歷山大繼承了他父親的王位。

  • He unified the Greek city-states, and began a military campaign of conquest.

    他統一了希臘的城邦,並且開始了一連串的軍事征服行動。

  • Before long he was known asKing of Babylon, King of Asia, King of the Four Quarters of the World.”

    不久之後,他就以「巴比倫之王、亞洲之王、四方之王」而為人周知。

  • Meanwhile, Aristotle returned to Athens (which was now under Macedonian rule),

    同時,亞里斯多德也回到了當時被馬其頓統治的雅典,

  • and in 335 BC founded his own school, called the Lyceum.

    並且在西元前 335 年時,他創辦了自己的學校,名叫呂刻昂。

  • Aristotle taught while strolling the grounds, his students following him on these walks.

    亞里斯多德教學時也一邊漫步,而他的學生們就跟隨著他。

  • They came to be known asThe Peripateticsfrom the Greek forwalking around.”

    他們也以「逍遙學派」為人所知,在希臘文中便是「四處走動」的意思。

  • During his time at the Lyceum, Aristotle studied almost every topic.

    亞里斯多德待在呂刻昂的這段期間,他幾乎什麼主題都有涉略。

  • He was one of the early pioneers in the field of Biology.

    他是生物學領域的先驅之一。

  • His notes are full of observations about various life forms, including the embryology of the chick and the chambered stomach of ruminants.

    他的筆記滿滿都是對各種生物型態的觀察,包括小雞的胚胎與反芻動物的胃室。

  • Aristotle is thought to have dissected marine animals including the octopus and other invertebrates, since his observations were so accurate.

    因為他的觀察太過精確,因此普遍認為亞里斯多德曾經解剖過章魚或其他無脊椎動物。

  • He attempted a classification of animals based on shared characteristics,

    他曾嘗試根據一些共同的特徵來對動物進行分類,

  • including where they lived: in the air, in the water, or on land;

    包含他們所居住的地點是在空中、在水中,或是在陸地上,

  • and whether they had red blood or not (which is not too different from our distinction between vertebrates and invertebrates).

    或是他們是否有紅色的血液,而這些其實和現在我們區分脊椎與無脊椎動物的方式相去不遠。

  • Aristotle’s system of classification continued to be used for over a thousand years.

    亞里斯多德的分類系統持續被使用了一千多年。

  • Aristotle was also very interested in Earth Science.

    亞里斯多德對地球科學也相當有興趣。

  • In his workMeteorology,” he described the water cycle:

    在他的作品《天象論》中,他對水循環有以下的描述:

  • Now the sun, moving as it does, sets up processes of change and becoming and decay,

    「太陽如常的起落,啟動了生滅的循環,

  • and by its agency the finest and sweetest water is every day carried up and is dissolved into vapor and rises to the upper region,

    藉著它的力量,那些最好最甜美的水每天都被轉化、融入水氣中,並且上升到上層大氣;

  • where it is condensed again by the cold and so returns to the earth.”

    在那裡,水氣又因冷氣而凝結,並再度回到地表。」

  • Aristotle’s writings include discussions of all sorts of natural phenomena: thunder, lightning, rainbows, meteors, and comets.

    亞里斯多德的寫作涵蓋許多對自然現象的討論,諸如閃電、打雷、彩虹、流星與彗星等。

  • He described the wind and earthquakes, which he thought were caused by winds trapped underground.

    他描述了風與地震,他認為後者是由被困在地底的風所導致。

  • He had a remarkable sense for the geologic time scale.

    他也對地質年代也有相當卓越的觀察。

  • He wrote: “...the whole vital process of the earth takes place so gradually

    他寫道:「地質的變化是如此的緩慢,

  • and in periods of time which are so immense compared with the length of our life, that these changes are not observed,

    而這樣的變化和我們的一生相比,費時又是如此的漫長,以至於我們並無法親眼觀察到這些改變,

  • and before their course can be recorded from beginning to end whole nations perish and are destroyed.”

    在來得及從頭到尾記錄這個歷程之前,我們的肉身早已隳壞毀滅。」

  • Although Aristotle was clearly a dedicated scientist, he is probably best known for his philosophical treatises.

    亞里斯多德無疑是個專注的科學家,但他最為知名的還是他的哲學論文。

  • These included discussions on rhetoric and the importance of logic, metaphysics including the distinction between matter and form,

    這些論文包含對修辭學的討論、邏輯學的重要性、形上學中對於質料與形式的區分,

  • and Ethics, including a code of conduct forgood living.”

    以及倫理學,其中包含如何過得幸福的行為準則。

  • Aristotle’s tenure at the Lyceum came abruptly to an end when Alexander the Great died in 323 BC.

    亞歷山大大帝於西元前 323 年崩殂時,亞里斯多德在呂刻昂的快樂時光也戛然而止。

  • The government was overthrown, and Aristotle (seen as a Macedonian sympathizer) was charged with impiety.

    政府被推翻,而被視為親馬其頓政府的亞里斯多德被控瀆神。

  • Fearing he would come to the same end as Socrates (who had been sentenced to death on similarly trumped-up charges),

    由於害怕自己會和蘇格拉底(因莫須有的罪名而被判處死刑)遭受相同的命運,

  • Aristotle fled to Chalcis on the island of Euboea, where he died soon after in 322 BC.

    亞里斯多德逃到尤比亞島上的加爾西斯,不久之後,也於西元前 322 年逝世於此。

  • He was 62 years old.

    他享年 62 歲。

  • Aristotle is thought to have written about 200 documents during his lifetime, but only 31 still exist.

    一般認為亞里斯多德在他有生之年寫作了兩百多餘份文件,但其中只有 31 份流傳至今。

  • Reportedly these writings were kept safe by Aristotle’s student Theophrastus, who took over from Aristotle at the Lyceum.

    據傳這些文件都由亞里斯多德的學生,也就是在他之後掌管呂刻昂的狄奧弗拉斯圖,妥善的保管著。

  • Although many of Aristotle’s ideas were considered controversial during his lifetime,

    儘管在亞里斯多德的時代,他的很多想法被視為相當有爭議,

  • they were rediscovered and championed during the Middle Ages.

    但他們在中世紀時被重新發現,並且被奉為圭臬。

  • In an odd turn of events, the medieval devotees of Aristotle were so taken with his work

    世事難料,中世紀這群熱衷於研究亞里斯多德的人是如此著迷於他的作品,

  • that it became the official philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church.

    以至於他成為了羅馬天主教會的官方哲學。

  • This meant trouble for any scientific discoveries that contradicted Aristotle’s writings, such as Copernicus’s and Galileo’s heliocentric model of the Solar System.

    但這對那些與亞里斯多德的作品相牴觸的科學研究而言,例如哥白尼與伽利略的「日心說」,卻無疑的是一場災難。

  • It’s a sad irony that Aristotle’s work, considered the first work of an observational scientist,

    這對亞里斯多德,這位史上第一位觀察型科學家來說,真是個悲哀的反諷,

  • would one day impede the acceptance of new scientific discoveries.

    因為他怎麼也沒料到,自己的作品竟會阻礙新的科學發現。

Aristotle was the original Renaissance Man - long before the Renaissance.

早在文藝復興時期之前,亞里斯多德就已經是個通才(文藝復興時期標榜通才教育)了。

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