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  • When I was 27 years old,

    二十七歲時的我

  • I left a very demanding job in management consulting

    剛辭掉高要求的管理顧問一職

  • for a job that was even more demanding: teaching.

    卻投入另一份要求更高的工作─教學

  • I went to teach seventh graders math in the New York City public schools.

    我在紐約公立學校教授七年級的數學

  • And like any teacher, I made quizzes and tests.

    就像一般老師一樣,我設計考試、測驗題

  • I gave out homework assignments.

    我派回家作業給學生

  • When the work came back, I calculated grades.

    收回學生的作業後,我打成績

  • What struck me was that I.Q. was not the only difference

    批改過程中,令我感到驚訝的是,智力並非

  • between my best and my worst students.

    我最好和最差的學生間的唯一差異

  • Some of my strongest performers

    有些學習高成就學生

  • did not have stratospheric I.Q. scores.

    並沒有在智力測驗獲得較高的成績

  • Some of my smartest kids weren't doing so well.

    而有些我認定聰明的孩子也沒有考好

  • And that got me thinking.

    這讓我思考

  • The kinds of things you need to learn in seventh grade math,

    學生所要學的七年級數學概念

  • sure, they're hard: ratios, decimals,

    無庸置疑,是有難度的:比率、小數

  • the area of a parallelogram.

    計算平行四邊形的面積

  • But these concepts are not impossible,

    但這些觀念並未困難到學不起來

  • and I was firmly convinced that every one of my students

    而我深信,我教的每一位學生

  • could learn the material

    都可以學會這些內容

  • if they worked hard and long enough.

    只要他們肯下苦功、願意花夠多的時間學習

  • After several more years of teaching,

    經過了多年的任教經驗

  • I came to the conclusion that what we need in education

    我得到一個結論:我們所需要的教育模式

  • is a much better understanding of students and learning from a motivational perspective,

    是要更了解學生以及如何秉持高動機學習

  • from a psychological perspective.

    從心理學層面來探討學習

  • In education, the one thing we know how to measure best is I.Q.,

    在教育的範疇中,我們最容易取得的數據就是智力

  • but what if doing well in school and in life

    但,要是在學校或生活中的的良好表現

  • depends on much more

    不僅僅取決於

  • than your ability to learn quickly and easily?

    你是否能夠學得又快又輕鬆呢?

  • So I left the classroom,

    於是我離開了教學領域

  • and I went to graduate school to become a psychologist.

    我去念了研究所,以期能成為心理學家

  • I started studying kids and adults

    我開始研究孩童與成人

  • in all kinds of super challenging settings,

    在面對巨大挑戰情況下的表現

  • and in every study my question was,

    在每次研究中,我關注的問題是:

  • who is successful here and why?

    誰會成功?以及他們為什麼成功?

  • My research team and I went to West Point Military Academy.

    我和研究團隊步入西點軍校

  • We tried to predict which cadets

    我們試著預測軍校學生

  • would stay in military training and which would drop out.

    哪些人可以挺過軍事訓練,哪些人中途離開

  • We went to the National Spelling Bee

    我們步入全國拼字大賽

  • and tried to predict which children would advance farthest in competition.

    試著預測哪些小孩在比賽中闖過較多關

  • We studied rookie teachers working in really tough neighborhoods,

    我們研究在艱困環境中的菜鳥老師

  • asking which teachers are still going to be here in teaching by the end of the school year,

    並猜測哪些老師可以教到學期末

  • and of those, who will be the most effective

    而在這其中,又有哪些老師能夠有效率

  • at improving learning outcomes for their students?

    幫助學生增進學習成果呢?

  • We partnered with private companies, asking,

    我們與坊間公司合作,並詢問公司

  • which of these salespeople is going to keep their jobs?

    想知道哪修銷售員可以堅持下去

  • And who's going to earn the most money?

    哪些可以賺得最多

  • In all those very different contexts,

    在差異如此大的環境中

  • one characteristic emerged as a significant predictor of success.

    一項特質清楚浮現是成功的重要前兆

  • And it wasn't social intelligence.

    關鍵要素與社交技能無關

  • It wasn't good looks, physical health, and it wasn't I.Q.

    不是出眾的外貌、健康的身體,也不是智力

  • It was grit.

    而是恆毅力

  • Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals.

    恆毅力是能在長久目標追求中,擁有堅持下去的熱情

  • Grit is having stamina.

    恆毅力是擁有源源活力

  • Grit is sticking with your future, day in, day out,

    恆毅力不斷往自己的未來邁進,一天又一天地堅持下去

  • not just for the week, not just for the month,

    不是只有一周的熱度,不是只有一個月的熱度

  • but for years, and working really hard

    而是歷時多年,辛苦走過每一哩路

  • to make that future a reality.

    把想像的未來變成現實

  • Grit is living life like it's a marathon, not a sprint.

    恆毅力是把生命當作是場馬拉松,而不是場短跑

  • A few years ago, I started studying grit in the Chicago public schools.

    幾年前,我在芝加哥公立學校開始研究恆毅力

  • I asked thousands of high school juniors

    我請上千位高中年級較高的學生

  • to take grit questionnaires,

    填一份恆毅力的問卷

  • and then waited around more than a year

    並花超過一年的時間靜待結果

  • to see who would graduate.

    看看誰會順利畢業

  • Turns out that grittier kids

    結果顯示,毅力維持較久的小孩

  • were significantly more likely to graduate,

    有比較能順利畢業的傾向

  • even when I matched them on every characteristic I could measure,

    即便我已用可以實際測量的各種特質跑相關性數據

  • things like family income,

    像是家庭收入

  • standardized achievement test scores,

    標準化測驗成績

  • even how safe kids felt when they were at school.

    甚至還有學生在校所感受的安全感

  • So it's not just at West Point or the National Spelling Bee

    所以並不只有在西點軍校與全國拼字測驗

  • that grit matters. It's also in school,

    才會展現出恆毅力的重要,在校內學習也同等重要

  • especially for kids at risk for dropping out.

    尤其是那些在輟學危險邊緣的學生

  • To me, the most shocking thing about grit

    恆毅力所帶給我最大的震撼莫過於

  • is how little we know,

    我們知道的是如此地少

  • how little science knows, about building it.

    科學研究也不夠多,極少探究如何培養學生的恆毅力

  • Every day, parents and teachers ask me,

    家長與老師每天都會問我:

  • "How do I build grit in kids?

    「究竟該如何培養孩子的恆毅力呢?」

  • What do I do to teach kids a solid work ethic?

    「要如何教孩子工作道德規範?」

  • How do I keep them motivated for the long run?"

    「我如何讓學生長期維持高學習動機?」

  • The honest answer is, I don't know. (Laughter)

    在此必須誠實地告訴大家:「我並不知道。」(笑)

  • What I do know is that talent doesn't make you gritty.

    我只明白,天賦並不會帶給你恆毅力

  • Our data show very clearly

    我們得出的數據清楚顯示

  • that there are many talented individuals

    有許多天才

  • who simply do not follow through on their commitments.

    根本沒有遵循他們該謹守的原則

  • In fact, in our data, grit is usually unrelated or even inversely related to measures of talent.

    事實上,從得出的數據指出,恆毅力通常與之無關,甚至根本與天賦背道而馳

  • So far, the best idea I've heard about building grit in kids is something called "growth mindset."

    目前為止,我所聽到關於培養孩子恆毅力的最佳方法是稱作「增長型心態」的理念

  • This is an idea developed at Stanford University by Carol Dweck,

    這是由史丹佛大學卡蘿.德威特博士所提出的概念

  • and it is the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, that it can change with your effort.

    「增長型心態」也是相信學習能力並非受到侷限,而是可以根據學習者自身的努力而改變

  • Dr. Dweck has shown that when kids read and learn

    杜威特博士的研究顯示,在孩童閱讀與學習時

  • about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenge,

    的大腦狀態,以及在面臨挑戰時的變化與增長

  • they're much more likely to persevere when they fail,

    在挫敗時,孩童傾向不輕言放棄,繼續堅持下去的動力

  • because they don't believe that failure is a permanent condition.

    因為孩童不相信自己會永遠失敗

  • So growth mindset is a great idea for building grit.

    所以增長型心態是建構恆毅力的好方法

  • But we need more.

    但我們不能僅止於此

  • And that's where I'm going to end my remarks,

    而目前我的分享也只能駐足在此

  • because that's where we are.

    因為這是我們目前最新的研究近況了

  • That's the work that stands before us.

    在我們眼前的研究還有一段路要走

  • We need to take our best ideas, our strongest intuitions,

    我們必須帶著最好的主意、最強的直覺

  • and we need to test them.

    不斷接受測試

  • We need to measure whether we've been successful,

    我們必須檢測自己是否算是成功

  • and we have to be willing to fail, to be wrong,

    我們樂於迎接挫敗、面對犯錯

  • to start over again with lessons learned.

    並能帶著學會的教訓,捲土重來

  • In other words, we need to be gritty

    換句話說,我們自己要有持之以恆的毅力

  • about getting our kids grittier.

    以培養我們的小孩這樣的毅力

  • Thank you.

    感謝你的聆聽

  • (Applause)

    (掌聲)

When I was 27 years old,

二十七歲時的我

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