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  • I think this is the only collections tour I've been on where I've been handed gloves.

    我想這是唯一的一次當我在參觀庫藏品的時候得戴手套了。

  • Hey! We're here with Jim Holstein, who's theyou're the collection manager... - Collection manager, right.

    嘿!我們旁邊這位是吉姆‧荷斯汀,是位...你是庫藏品經理... - 庫藏品經理,對。

  • - of meteorites. - Meteorites, mineralogy, jewelry, and gemstones.

    - 管隕石的。 - 隕石、礦物、珠寶,還有寶石。

  • But mainly meteorites 'cause that's our most popular exhibit.

    但主要還是隕石啦,因為那是我們最熱門的展示品。

  • - What is a meteorite? - What do you think a meteorite is?

    - 什麼是隕石? - 你認為什麼是隕石呢?

  • - A meteorite is a part of a planet that was blasted off, that came through space, through the atmosphere, and landed on Earth.

    隕石是一顆行星噴出來的一小部份,飛過太空,穿越大氣層,再掉到地表上。

  • - Okay, that's... - Is that kinda close? - That's close enough.

    - 好吧,那個... - 多少有點接近吧? - 很接近了。

  • I mean you could have my job- that's all you need to know, actually. That's it. - That's— oh, alright.

    我是說你有資格接我的工作了...知道這樣就很夠了。就這樣。 - 那真是...哦,好吧。

  • - But meteorites, yeah, these are the rocks that fall from space when they're found on the surface of the earth.

    - 那隕石啊,這個,就是從外太空飛來的石頭然後在地表被找到。

  • We have three terms: a meteoroid is when it's floating around in space;

    我們有三個術語:流星體是還在太空飄的;

  • when it's making that streak through the atmosphere, they call that a meteor;

    當它劃過天際而下,那是流星;

  • and then when you pick up the rock from the ground they call that a meteorite.

    然後當你從地上撿起那個石頭這就叫隕石。

  • - Nice. And then there are different kinds of meteorites. - Right. There are three broad categories of meteorites.

    - 很好。而隕石還分若干種類。 - 對的。隕石大致上分為三大類。

  • You have stony meteorites, which are made out of...? - Stone

    有一種是石隕石,是由什麼構成的? - 岩石。

  • - Iron meteorites which are made out of— - Iron. Iron. - Oh you're jumping ahead!

    那鐵隕石是由什麼構成的? - 鐵。鐵啦。 - 噢,你反應好快!

  • - And stony-iron meteorites which are made out of...? - Both stone and iron! - Yes!

    那還有石鐵隕石是由什麼構成的? - 又有石頭又有鐵! - 嘿嘿...對!

  • - I am an expert! - You are an expert.

    - 我是專家! - 你的確是專家!

  • And so when these things were originally formed at the beginning of our solar system

    那麼當這些東西剛形成於我們太陽系誕生時

  • about 4.5 billion years ago, you had two broad categories of stony meteorites.

    大約四十五億年前,石隕石可粗分為兩類。

  • You have chonditic meteorites and achondritic meteorites

    那就是球粒隕石和非球粒隕石。

  • - Okay, I don't know what those are. - Yeah. So now we're getting a little bit deeper now.

    - 好吧,這些我就不知道了。 - 對。我們現在比較深入一點了。

  • Chondritic meteorites are from planetary bodies that are undifferentiated.

    球粒隕石來自還沒有分化的星體。

  • - Now what does that mean? - Yeah I don't know what that means. - Let's go to the board!

    - 那是什麼意思呢? - 我不知道那是什麼意思。 - 讓我們去白板畫給你看。

  • - Yay!

    好耶!

  • - Ok, so in the middle of the earth, you have what is called the...? - Core.

    好吧,地球正中央的東西叫做什麼? - 地核。

  • - Yes. Core. - I didn't know I was going to be quizzed today.

    對,地核。 - 我不知道今天有抽考欸。

  • - You have to earn this. Outside the core you have the what?

    嘻嘻嘻...天下沒有白吃的午餐嘛。地核的外面是什麼?

  • - Uh, not the mantle...

    呃,應該不是地函吧...

  • - No, you're right, it is the mantle - Is it? It is the mantle? Ok.

    其實你是對的,就是地函。 - 真的哦?真的是地函?好吧。

  • - And that's my good spelling. And on the outside, the very thin layer, we call that— - The crust!

    我的拼字還好啦。再往外層,很薄的一層,就叫做... - 地殼。

  • - The crust. So core, mantel, crust. That's a differentiated body.

    地殼。所以是地核、地函和地殼。這是已分化的星體。

  • Some of these meteorites actually came from differentiated bodies out in the solar system.

    有些隕石其實來自太陽系中已分化的星體。

  • These are differentiated bodies that broke apart.

    也就是已分化的星體分裂出來的部份。

  • So for example we talked about the three basic typesthe iron, the stony, and the stony-iron meteorites.

    以我們談過的三種主要隕石型態(鐵隕石、石隕石、石鐵隕石)而言...

  • The iron meteorites are actually samples of the cores of these planetary bodies that are differentiated.

    鐵隕石其實就是已分化的星體的地核樣本。

  • - So how do you get a core from a planet? I mean that'd have to be a pretty gigantic impact,

    怎麼樣才能得到一個星球的地核樣本啊?我是說,那一定得是很巨大的撞擊才行。

  • or is it like spit up? -Yeah, absolutely. No no, ok so back to the board again.

    還是它自己裂開來的? - 對,正是。不,不是這樣,讓我們回到白板。

  • What's a good color for the sun?

    要畫太陽什麼顏色比較好?

  • - Red.

    紅色。

  • - I guess, I don't have any yellow.

    我猜也是,反正我也沒有黃筆。

  • So here we have the sun. S. - That's a tiny sun.

    所以這是太陽...S。 - 好小一顆太陽噢。

  • - And we'll do the planets in blue.

    然後用藍色畫行星。

  • Then we have closest to the sun, we have an orbit, and a planet called Mercury, right? - Mercury.

    在最靠近太陽的地方,畫個軌道,有個行星叫水星,對吧? - 水星。

  • And that is, what? - Venus. - Venus.

    那這是什麼? - 金星。 - 金星。

  • And after that we have - It's earth - Yeah it is earth. Yeah, yeah, clearly it's earth.

    接下來是... - 是地球。 - 對呀就是地球。對,對,很明顯就是地球。

  • And then beyond earth, we have what? - Mars.

    那在地球外面是什麼? - 火星。

  • - Mars, the red planet, Mars.

    火星,紅色行星,火星。

  • And then out beyond Mars we have what? What's the next one after Mars?

    然後在火星外面是什麼?火星的下一個是什麼?

  • - Um, see I have to keep going through "my very enthusiastic mother"... Jupiter.

    嗯看來我得要用行星聯想口訣了...木星。 (My Very Enthusiastic Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas) (Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto)

  • - Jupiter!

    木星!

  • Jupiter is out here. But there's this gap here between Mars and Jupiter.

    木星在外面。但是火星跟木星中間有空隙。

  • And in this gap is the asteroid belt

    而這個空隙就是小行星帶。

  • so we have asteroids, and these are all these failed planetary bodies that broke apart.

    所以這些是小行星,而它們是未成形的行星體的破碎殘骸。

  • And a lot of these were impacting each other.

    而它們之間很多互相撞來撞去。

  • And these are all in orbit around the sun at this point.

    而它們目前都繞著太陽轉。

  • So when they get impacted by another asteroid, it puts it on a different orbit

    所以當某個小行星被另外一個撞到,運行軌道就會改變

  • which puts it in an elliptical around the sun, and sometimes,

    成為一個繞著太陽的橢圓形軌道,有時候呢,

  • that elliptical orbit crosses the earth's orbit, so when the earth is going around

    那個橢圓形軌道和地球的軌道交叉,所以當地球繞著

  • its own orbit, it would sometimes hit the orbit of one of these asteroids, or meteoroids

    自己的軌道,它有時候會撞進那個改變了方向的小行星(也就是流星體)的軌道

  • and then you have a very frowny-faced Earth

    這時候地球的臉就臭了

  • Awww - that gets hit by an asteroid.

    噢 - 因為它被一顆小行星撞到了。

  • We have about 80,000 tons of material that enters the atmosphere every single year.

    每一年大概有八萬噸的物體進入我們的大氣層。

  • Really - Most of it is dust size.

    真的噢 - 絕大部份跟塵埃一樣小。

  • And you have maybe one or two events, car size object that hits the earth, and most of it hits the ocean.

    大概有一兩次,大小跟車子一樣大的東西撞到地球,不過多數是掉進海裡。

  • Differentiated bodies: core, mantel, crust. - Yeah

    分化的星體:地核、地函、地殼。 - 是的。

  • - But that doesn't comprise the majority of meteorites that we have.

    但是這並不涵蓋絕大部份我們擁有的隕石。

  • The majority of meteorites we have are these stony chondritic meteorites which come from undifferentiated bodies

    我們擁有的隕石絕大部份都是這種球粒石隕石,是由未分化的星體來的

  • - So one all homogeneous lump? - One all homogeneous things

    所以質地是一致的? - 一整個相同質地。

  • And these comprise of about, almost 90% of all meteorites that are found on earth.

    它們占了大約,幾乎所有地表找到的隕石的九成。

  • - Wow. Oh, well that's pretty.

    哇。哦,這個漂亮。

  • - And what's special about those is that um, it didn't differentiate, which means

    而它們特殊的地方在於,嗯,沒有分化,也就是說

  • that it has all the metal still in the rock.

    它的金屬都還在石頭裡面。

  • It's a very homogeneous piece of all metals, minerals, all mixed together

    它的質地非常一致地把金屬跟礦物都混在一起

  • If you hold it in the right light - Yeah You see little flakes of metal in there

    如果你拿著對好光線 - 對呀 你會在這裡看到細小的金屬閃爍光芒

  • - It's shiny. - It's very sparkly.

    它好亮噢。 - 它非常閃閃發光。

  • - Can you see it? Why is it dark on the outside?

    看得到嗎?為什麼外面是黑色的?

  • - That's called fusion crust, and that's what happens when the thing enters the atmosphere.

    那叫做熔凝殼,是進入大氣層之後的結果。

  • And as the atmosphere gets super heated, melts the outside and that becomes black.

    大氣摩擦造成高溫,把外層融化使它變黑。

  • You also get those indentations you see on the outside

    這也會造成外面看得到的那些凹痕

  • those indentations are caused by atmospheric heating as well.

    那些凹痕也是大氣摩擦帶來的高溫所導致的。

  • And so that these undifferentiated meteorites

    所以啊這些未分化的隕石

  • are the most common ones, and um,

    是最普通的,而...

  • back in early history of the solar system, these would eventually in some cases heat up,

    在太陽系的早期歷史哩,它們本來是該變熱的,

  • and become differentiated. Earth was an undifferentiated body at one time,

    然後開始分化。地球本來也曾經是未分化的,

  • and then it heated up to the point where all the metal went to the core

    然後它溫度升到了所有金屬沉入地核的程度...被萬有引力拉進去了

  • and by mass it all sort of differentiated out, it separated itself out.

    然後,呃,它的成份都自動分化出來了。

  • - Wow. That is amazing. My mind is being blown right now.

    哇。這太神奇了。現在我的頭快昏了。

  • - So stony iron meteorites.

    這是石鐵隕石。

  • These comprise of less than 1% of all falls or finds.

    它們只佔所有已發現隕石的百分之一還不到。

  • - And this is the one that has both rock and iron in it? - Mhm.

    而它同時有岩石和鐵在裡面? - 嗯哼。

  • - It's beautiful. - You can see these uh, nicely formed mineral grains.

    它好漂亮。 - 你可以看到這些,呃,完美成型的礦物顆粒。

  • These are actually crystals, they're actually gemstones that are embedded in this metal matrix.

    那些其實是結晶,其實是龕在金屬格子裡的寶石。

  • - So what kind of gem stones are you-- - You usually see olivine, and it's a very common gemstone on earth.

    你指的是哪種寶石... - 你通常看得到橄欖石,那是種地球上非常普遍的寶石。

  • These are formed deep in the mantel, and a meteorite like that, one of the theories is that

    它們在地函非常深的地方形成,而對這一種隕石有個理論認為

  • it was actually formed at the core mantel boundary, so

    它其實形成於地核和地函交界處,因此

  • we had the illustration of the differentiated bodies--the core and mantel

    我們就有了地核和地函的差異處的側寫

  • The idea is that you get intermixing between the core and mantel, and when that body fell apart, that's how they harden

    它的主張是這是地核和地函的混和物,而當這物質分裂出來後就變硬了

  • they harden they cool, they crystalize, and they um, froze out with the minerals embedded in the metal.

    它因為冷卻而變硬並且產生結晶,然後,嗯,冷掉時也把礦物質卡在金屬裡。

  • Let's talk about Mars! - I wanna talk about Mars.

    讓我們談談火星! - 我想談談火星。

  • Ok, so we talk about the rarity of these things,

    好吧,我們談到了這些東西有多罕見,

  • and I talk about how the stony irons are the rarest of the three broad categories

    而且我也談到了石鐵隕石是三大類隕石中最罕見的

  • but there's rarer objects still, and these Martian meteorites are in fact

    但是還有比這個更罕見的,而這些火星隕石其實就是

  • - Oh my gosh. - One of the rarest types of meteorites.

    我的天啊 - 最稀有的隕石之一

  • - This is a piece of Mars. - That is a piece of Mars. This fell in 2011 in Morocco.

    這是火星的一部份 - 它是火星的一部份。它在2011年掉到摩洛哥。

  • - So what does this tell you about Mars?

    這說明了關於火星的什麼事?

  • - So basically when an object hits Mars, it actually excavates a part of Mars out of it

    基本上就是當有東西撞到火星,它真的從火星挖走了一部份

  • and this actually came all the way from Mars so it tells a lot about the mineralogy.

    然後還大老遠從火星遠道而來,告訴了我們很多關於火星礦物學的事

  • How do we know it's from Mars? That's the biggest question.

    我們怎麼知道它是從火星來的?這是個最大的疑問。

  • - Yeah. - For example, the lunar meteorites that we have collected on earth

    - 對呀。 呃,比方說,在地表收集到的月球隕石

  • we're able to match those up geochemically to the lunar meteorites brought back by the Apollo astronauts.

    我們能夠拿來跟阿波羅登月計畫得到的月球岩石做地質化學比較。

  • - Ok. - But we don't have any Martian rocks.

    - 好吧。 但是我們沒有任何火星岩石。

  • - Because we haven't been to Mars. - We haven't been to Mars.

    因為我們還沒登陸火星。 - 是還沒有。

  • - What the Mars rover up to lately?

    那火星漫遊車最近都在幹嘛?

  • - It is looking at things very much similar to this right now.

    它正在檢視跟這傢伙非常類似的東西。

  • But, what we do know a lot about is the Martian atmosphere.

    但是啊,我們對火星大氣層可是摸的一清二楚的。

  • We know what it's made out of, and what this has inside of it

    我們知道它的成份有什麼,而這個東西裡面

  • is a sample of the Martian atmosphere.

    就含有火星大氣的樣本。

  • So that could be extracted and is an exact match to the Martian atmosphere.

    把它抽取出來就發現跟火星大氣完全吻合。

  • - So it's like a finger print, like atmosph-- - It's a fingerprint.

    所以這像是指紋,像大氣... - 這像是指紋。

  • Atmospheres have fingerprints.

    大氣層裡的指紋。

  • - That's amazing! - CSI Meteorites.

    太神奇了! - CSI隕石

  • - That's amazing! - That's what we do here.

    太神奇了! - 我們的工作就是這樣。

I think this is the only collections tour I've been on where I've been handed gloves.

我想這是唯一的一次當我在參觀庫藏品的時候得戴手套了。

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