handsome, charming and largely unstable male

帥氣、有魅力，

that I completely lost my heart to.

卻又「不安於室」的男性，

(Laughter)

讓我深深著迷。

He was a Bernese mountain dog,

牠是隻「伯恩山犬」。

and my ex-husband and I adopted him,

我和我前夫收養牠。

and about six months in,

但在不到6個月的相處，

we realized that he was a mess.

我們就發現牠大有問題，

He had such paralyzing separation anxiety

牠有非常嚴重的「分離焦慮症」，

that we couldn't leave him alone.

我們不能讓牠獨處。

Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.

牠有一次從3樓的家直接往下跳。

He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.

牠會吃布料、或是其他回收物，

He hunted flies that didn't exist.

牠會去撲不存在的蒼蠅，

He suffered from hallucinations.

深受幻覺困擾。

He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder

牠最後被診斷出「犬類強迫症」，

and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.

但這只是牠問題的冰山一角。

But like with humans,

當問題出現在人身上，

sometimes it's six months in

不用花6個月

before you realize that

你就會發現，

the person that you love has some issues.

你愛著的這個人有問題。

(Laughter)

And most of us do not take the person we're dating

我們通常不會把那個人，

back to the bar where we met them

丟回當初認識的酒吧；

or give them back to the friend that introduced us,

或是叫介紹你們的朋友把他帶走，

or sign them back up on Match.com.

或幫他重新登相親網站。

(Laughter)

We love them anyway,

我們會愛他

and we stick to it,

而且繼續愛著他。

and that is what I did with my dog.

我對我的狗也是這樣

And I was a — I'd studied biology.

我是念生物的，

I have a Ph.D. in history of science

我是MIT的科學史博士。

from MIT,

科學史博士，

and had you asked me 10 years ago

若你10年前問我，

if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,

我愛的狗或者就一般狗而言

had emotions, I would have said yes,

牠們會不會有情緒，我的答案是「會」。

but I'm not sure that I would have told you

但那時候的我可能不知道，

that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,

他們會變成有焦慮症，

a Prozac prescription and a therapist.

還要靠吃藥和醫生幫忙。

But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,

但我墜入愛河，而且知道原來會變這樣，

and actually trying to help my own dog

然後我想幫牠

overcome his panic and his anxiety,

克服牠的恐慌和焦慮。

it just changed my life.

我的人生因此改變，

It cracked open my world.

視野因此開闊。

And I spent the last seven years, actually,

在過去的七年，我開始

looking into this topic of mental illness in other animals.

研究動物的精神疾病。

Can they be mentally ill like people,

那些病跟人類的一樣嗎？

and if so, what does it mean about us?

如果是，對我們又有什麼意義？

And what I discovered is that I do believe

我發現到的是我相信

they can suffer from mental illness,

動物也深受精神疾病所苦。

and actually looking and trying to identify mental illness in them

去試著理解牠們的這些病痛，

often helps us be better friends to them

讓人類成為牠們更稱職的朋友，

and also can help us better understand ourselves.

也幫助我們更加了解自己。

So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.

簡單講一下診斷過程。

Many of us think that we can't know

我們大多認為我們不知道

what another animal is thinking,

其他動物在想什麼。

and that is true,

是這樣沒錯，

but any of you in relationships —

但無論友情愛情親情，

at least this is my case —

至少我的體會是，

just because you ask someone that you're with

不會只因為你問另一半、

or your parent or your child how they feel

你爸媽或小孩他們的感覺，

doesn't mean that they can tell you.

他們就跟你說。

They may not have words to explain

他們可能自己也不知道怎麼表達自己的感覺

what it is that they're feeling,

或根本沒察覺到

and they may not know.

也不知道那些情緒

It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon

這其實是最近才開始，

that we feel that we have to talk to someone

覺得我們必須要溝通

to understand their emotional distress.

才會發覺情緒低落的傾向。

Before the early 20th century,

在20世紀早期以前，

physicians often diagnosed emotional distress

心理醫生診斷精神疾病，

in their patients just by observation.

都只靠觀察。

It also turns out that thinking about

而且另一方面有人認為，

mental illness in other animals

動物的精神問題

isn't actually that much of a stretch.

也不見得是壞事。

Most mental disorders in the United States

在美國大部分人罹患的精神病，

are fear and anxiety disorders,

是恐慌或是焦慮症。

and when you think about it, fear and anxiety

但「恐慌」和「焦慮」，

are actually really extremely helpful animal emotions.

其實是非常重要的動物本能。

Usually we feel fear and anxiety in situations that are dangerous,

通常我們在感到危險的時候，才會有這種情緒反應。

and once we feel them,

而一旦有這種反應，

we then are motivated to move away

我們會想要遠離

from whatever is dangerous.

任何讓我們感到危險的東西。

The problem is when we begin to feel fear and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.

問題是在沒有危險的時候，我們也恐慌焦慮。

Mood disorders, too, may actually just be

「情緒障礙」也可能是

the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,

有感覺的動物很麻煩的一點。

and obsessive compulsive disorders also

強迫症換個角度想，

are often manifestations of a really healthy animal thing

其實是一種健康的表徵，

which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.

因為想讓自己乾淨整潔。

This tips into the territory of mental illness

但從精神疾病的角度看，

when you do things like

只會看到你

compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,

一直重複洗手，

or you develop a ritual that's so extreme

或是重複某個儀式，

that you can't sit down to a bowl of food

直到你覺得心滿意足，

unless you engage in that ritual.

才有辦法好好坐下來吃飯。

So for humans, we have the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"

所以我們有一本人類的「診斷與統計手冊」，

which is basically an atlas

基本上是一本

of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.

集合現有精神疾病的手冊。

In other animals, we have YouTube.

那其他動物呢，我們有「YouTube」。

(Laughter)

This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"

這是我輸入「強迫症 狗」的畫面，

but I encourage all of you

但我比較推薦，

to look at "OCD cat."

去看「強迫症 貓」。

You will be shocked by what you see.

保證驚奇不斷。

I'm going to show you just a couple examples.

這邊分享幾個例子：

This is an example of shadow-chasing.

這隻狗在和影子「玩」。

I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.

雖然很有趣而且還蠻可愛的，

The issue, though, is that dogs can develop compulsions like this

但狗狗若有強迫症，

that they then engage in all day.

就可能整天追著自己的影子。

So they won't go for a walk,

牠們會不想散步、

they won't hang out with their friends,

不和朋友玩、

they won't eat.

不吃不喝，

They'll develop fixations

最後產生「固著」行為，

like chasing their tails compulsively.

比如追著尾巴一直轉。

Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.

這是隻叫「吉斯莫」貓，

He looks like he's on a stakeout

看起來牠在監視鄰居，

but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.

但牠一天會花上幾個小時這樣。

He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw

牠就坐在那，用前掌反覆地

at the screen.

撥弄窗簾。

This is another example of what's considered

這個也是被視為

a stereotypic behavior.

理所當然的行為，

This is a sun bear at the Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.

這隻是在奧克蘭動物園，叫做「丁丁」的馬來熊。

And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,

如果你剛好看到這個畫面，

you might think that Ting Ting

可能會覺得丁丁

is just playing with a stick,

只是在玩樹枝吧。

but Ting Ting does this all day,

但牠會玩一整天。

and if you pay close attention

如果你們更仔細一點看，

and if I showed you guys the full half-hour of this clip,

如果你們願意，我可以播半個小時的錄影，

you'd see that he does the exact same thing

你會發現牠真的在做一樣的事，

in the exact same order, and he spins the stick

一樣的步驟，和一樣的方式

in the exact same way every time.

去轉那些樹枝。

Other super common behaviors that you may see,

另一個也很常見，

particularly in captive animals,

通常是受困動物，

are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,

用固定方式走或晃來晃去。

and actually, humans do this too,

其實人也會這樣，

and in us, we'll sway,

我們會動來動去、

we'll move from side to side.

從這邊晃到那邊。

Many of us do this, and sometimes

我們大多是

it's an effort to soothe ourselves,

為了放鬆一下。

and I think in other animals that is often the case too.

對大部分的動物也是如此。

But it's not just stereotypic behaviors

但牠們做的，

that other animals engage in.

不只是這些重複的行為。

This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives

這是「琪琪」，住在

at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.

波士頓富蘭克林動物公園的黑猩猩。

She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,

牠有一個哈佛大學的精神醫師，

and she's been treated for a mood disorder

幫牠治療情緒障礙

among other things.

和其他問題。

Many animals develop mood disorders.

很多動物都有情緒障礙。

Lots of creatures —

有很多生物...

this horse is just one example —

比如說這隻馬，

develop self-destructive behaviors.

就有自我毀滅的行為。

They'll gnaw on things

牠會去亂啃東西，

or do other things that may also soothe them,

或做一些能舒緩情緒的事，

even if they're self-destructive,

就算這些事是在自我毀滅，

which could be considered similar

就和

to the ways that some humans cut themselves.

有些人會想要割手臂、手腕的道理一樣。

Plucking.

還有拔毛！

Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,

如果你有皮毛、羽毛或皮膚，

you can pluck yourself compulsively,

你可能會一直去拔毛，

and some parrots actually have been studied

有些針對鸚鵡的研究，

to better understand trichotillomania, or compulsive plucking in humans,

試圖找出人類的「拔毛癖」或拔毛強迫症

something that affects

的原因。

20 million Americans right now.

因為現在有2千萬的美國人，正在受這個病症折磨。

Lab rats pluck themselves too.

實驗室的老鼠也拔自己的毛，

In them, it's called barbering.

但那比較是在梳理。

Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan

從「以阿衝突」退役的軍犬，

are coming back with what's considered canine PTSD,

回來之後被發現患有「創傷後症候群」。

and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life

對牠們從戰場融入普通生活，

when they come back from deployments.

是一大障礙。

They can be too scared to approach men with beards

牠們會害怕接近有鬍子的人，

or to hop into cars.

或不敢跳上車。