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  • Art...

    藝術

  • ArtSleuth

    大哉問

  • The moon,

    月亮

  • a church,

    教堂

  • a cypress tree.

    柏樹

  • A picture by Vincent van Gogh.

    這是梵谷的作品之一

  • A peaceful night in the country?

    是鄉村的寧靜夜晚嗎?

  • Yet

    其實不然

  • repose seems unlikely beneath that angry sky,

    寧靜似乎不容於這片憤怒的天空之下

  • In fact, Van Gogh painted this nightscape in a lunatic asylum,

    事實上 這幅夜景是梵谷是在精神病院時畫的

  • a year before he killed himself.

    就在他自殺的前一年

  • The rebellious cry of a genius ahead of his time?

    是不容於時代的天才 反抗的吶喊嗎?

  • While his contemporaries succumb to the city’s bright lights,

    世人推崇城市燈光時

  • Van Gogh flees Paris and gives us a stressed-out urbanite’s dream.

    梵谷離開了巴黎 並透露出一絲城市生活艱困的氣息

  • So - let us find release in the madness of art,

    讓我們在藝術的狂熱中尋求片刻舒緩

  • and reconnect with the quiet pleasures of country life.

    並與靜謐 快意的鄉村生活重新連結吧

  • Is his frenzied vision of night and stars simply that - a longing for the past?

    星星與夜空的狂亂繪法 僅是對往事的渴求嗎?

  • Van Gogh - The Starry Night - Transfigured Night

    梵谷的變異星空

  • Part 1 : Madness -with Method

    第一部分 狂熱: 繪法

  • Is his picture the spontaneous product of insanity?

    梵谷的畫 是精神異常下的自然產物?

  • A rash conclusion:

    有人妄下定論:

  • Van Gogh’s nightscape dates from 1889 - when astronomy is attracting amateur enthusiasts, inspired by a string of popular handbooks,

    梵谷於1889年完成《星空》 當時一系列科普書籍轟動一時 致使許多業餘人士熱衷於天文學

  • containing the first-ever photographs of the night sky.

    書中包含前所未有的夜空照

  • This spiral, for example, is based on a real nebula.

    《星空》中的螺旋 便仿自真實星雲

  • Venus, nearing the end of its cycle, was unusually bright that year

    即將遠離地球的金星 那年也格外明亮

  • And the moon is just as the painter might have seen it from his cell ...

    月亮則應該是從房間裡看見的

  • before dawn on 25 May 1889

    就在1889年5月25日前的某個晚上

  • But the view from Van Gogh’s window stops short at a wall.

    但窗前的一面牆卻擋住了他的視野

  • So he invents a landscape,

    因此他自行想像出完整的夜景

  • adding the cypress and the village steeple,

    他加上了柏樹與尖塔

  • which give the picture depth

    塑造畫面的高度

  • and structure it.

    也構出比例

  • And even the wild spiral keys in the vanishing point, directly below it.

    螺旋消失的中心點 就在畫面中心的正上方

  • If sanity rules the composition,

    若構圖以穩健為基

  • surely madness powers the turbulent brushwork?

    狂亂顯然增添了力度

  • Van Gogh is working so fast he leaves part of the canvas bare!

    他一下子就完成了 有些地方甚至還沒上色呢

  • In fact, his handling of the paint strengthens the contrast between the picture’s two halves.

    事實上 梵谷的筆法更加強了畫面的上下對比

  • At the bottom, the houses are outlined in black, like the figures in a stained glass window,

    底部的建築描上黑邊 與彩色玻璃窗的人物如出一轍

  • the trees resemble dense skeins of wool,

    樹木就像濃密的羊毛

  • and the earth has a carved solidity,

    地表起伏卻不失殷實

  • while the sky swirls and surges, like a shoal of fish,

    夜空迴旋而洶湧 彷如魚群

  • and the starlight spreads outward in concentric waves.

    星光以同心圓向外發散

  • In short, the picture’s pulsing movement is a conscious effect, and Van Gogh uses it to create a powerful opposition between:

    簡言之 梵谷刻意繪出如此澎湃的畫面 是為了形塑強烈對比:

  • the earth’s tangible solidity, and

    地表的固實

  • the sky’s wave-like dynamism.

    與夜空的湧動

  • Viscous as tar, vibrant as flame, the cypress links them like a bridge.

    如焦油般黏實而熱情如火 柏樹就像橋樑連接著彼此

  • Why does Van Gogh pump all this drama into a potentially peaceful nightscape?

    梵谷為何要為原本寧靜的夜景 注入這些性質呢?

  • Part 2: Night -danger and deliverance

    第二部分 夜晚: 面臨與解除危機

  • Van Gogh’s vision of night...

    梵谷眼中的夜晚

  • as a star-filled sky,

    星光熠熠

  • has been preceded by another - night as a time of release, when the day’s work is done.

    但卻比不上整日工作後 得以休息的夜晚

  • A massive contrast with those avant-garde artists who revel in the glitter and bustle of the after-hours city.

    與沉溺午後時光 享受聲光酒色的前衛藝術家大相逕庭

  • Van Gogh takes a very different line

    梵谷與眾不同

  • He sees the nobility of the peasantsdimly-lit meal....

    他尊崇鄉下人燈光昏黃的餐聚時刻

  • and the bright city’s dehumanising effect on its denizens.

    厭惡通明燈火對人們造成的非人性化影響

  • At first glance, primitive and gloomy ...

    乍看之下也許原始 晦暗

  • This mealtime scene, where the eaters exchange looks and words

    但在畫中 用餐的人彼此交流眼神與言語

  • in a single lamp’s consoling glow, is a celebration of well-earned rest from labour.

    在單盞吊燈柔和的燈光下 慶祝辛勤工作後應得的休息時光

  • The family is united, like these small houses clustered round a single steeple, which stands for Christian belief.

    家人齊聚一堂 如同圖中房舍圍繞著象徵基督教信仰的尖塔

  • Van Gogh is not the first to celebrate the peasantssimple dignity:

    首位描繪鄉村簡樸生活的人並非梵谷

  • his revered predecessor, Jean-François Millet, has been there first.

    而是備受景仰的畫壇前輩米勒

  • The sense of communion with heaven and earth which pervades Millet’s “The Angelus”...

    天堂與人間的交流 在米勒的《晚禱》中表露無遺

  • makes Van Gogh’s pictures of nightlife in the city seem like visions of hell.

    也使得梵谷筆下的夜生活 彷彿置身地獄

  • InThe Dance-Hall in Arles”, the light which brings people together has gone, and a swarm of dim lamps have taken over.

    在《阿爾的舞廳》中 沒有聚集人群的明亮燈光 只有幾盞昏黃的吊燈

  • Individual dancers seem lost in the whirling, hysterical throng.

    許多人彷彿迷失在狂亂的人群中

  • This is an all-night café, and an all-night haze of alcohol envelops it.

    這是一間通宵營業的咖啡廳 酒氣瀰漫 直至天明

  • The complementary reds and greens combine garishly

    紅綠兩種互補色 華麗地合而為一

  • a billiard table replaces the respectable piece of furniture in the family kitchen:

    撞球桌取代了樸實的餐桌

  • a passion for gaming has sapped these people’s strength, and also their ability to connect with one another.

    對賭博的投入使顧客精疲力盡 無法與他人交流

  • The drunks adrift on the edges of the picture seem to be shrivelling, like moths,

    醉客在圖畫邊緣游移 像飛蛾一般

  • in the burning glare of these three false suns.

    撲向人造的三顆太陽 被灼熱的燈光燒乾

  • In these pictures, Van Gogh seems to be using Japanese print techniques to unmask the falsity of modern life.

    在這些作品中 梵谷運用了浮世繪法 揭穿現代生活的假面

  • Exploiting the emotional power of black outline,

    以極富情感張力的黑線描邊

  • sudden shifts of viewpoint,

    迅速接換視角

  • and harshly contrasted complementary colours,

    並巧妙利用對比鮮明的互補色

  • he pits the star-filled sky’s eternal order against the city’s tinsel and glitter.

    他以星星永恆的位置 與城市華而不實的燈火相抗衡

  • But the outcome is uncertain.

    結果卻不盡人意

  • The sky may be solid and convincing,

    夜空或許濃密厚實

  • but the stars look pale and insipid

    星星卻顯得黯淡無光

  • beside the livid glare of streetlamps reflected in water.

    相較於路燈倒映水中的刺眼光芒 尤其明顯

  • Van Gogh has discovered what we now calllight pollution”:

    梵谷當時便發現了“光害”

  • artificial light blinds us to the stars

    人造光使我們看不見星星

  • and even invades the citiessurroundings - like this streetlamp, which shows that yet another slice of countryside will soon be absorbed,

    甚至侵入市郊 這盞路燈彷彿在說 城市的另一邊也即將淪陷

  • or this NASA satellite image, over a century on from Van Gogh, where the earth itself resembles a star-filled sky

    百年後的今日 在美國太空總署的衛星影像中 地球就像一片璀璨星空

  • Before trying again, Van Gogh retreats from Arles to a village

    重新振作前 梵谷離開阿爾 來到一個村落

  • where his brushwork changes radically.

    在此 他的筆觸徹底改變

  • The earth becomes as solid and immutable as the heavens,

    地表與天空相似 堅實而不朽

  • while the sky and stars take on the pyrotechnic sharpness and dynamism

    夜空與星星變得鮮明且極具張力

  • of modern artificial lighting.

    勝過人造光

  • The result is spectacular but - frankly - over the top: this is genius run mad - yet again!

    此舉再次顯現他非常人的觀點 儘管世人無法參透 卻實屬創舉

  • Why is Van Gogh so bent on glorifying the power of the heavens?

    梵谷為何如此執著於讚揚天空的力量呢?

  • Is forgetting the stars really such a big deal?

    遺忘星星 真的這麼嚴重嗎?

  • Part 3: Night strikes back

    第三部分 夜的反擊

  • Regardless of what Van Gogh and other artists do with it, the night sky fascinates us because it puts us in touch with two fundamental things

    無論梵谷或其他藝術家如何描繪夜空 我們總會驚艷於夜空的兩個特質:

  • beauty and the sublime.

    綺麗與崇高

  • The classic vision of the heavens is that of an immense vault, which is beautiful because it stands for order and perfection.

    古時認為天空是個巨型拱頂 象徵秩序與完美 因而顯得美麗

  • Seen from afar, the bright and everlasting stars

    從遠處看 永恆 明亮的星星

  • seem utterly remote from our drab and battered world, where change and corruption are the norm!

    總是離我們那麼遠 我們的世界單調 破舊 不斷改變與墮落

  • Modern physics may have shattered this innocent vision, but the yearning for perfection remains.

    現代物理學也許駁斥了這無知的想法 卻仍不減人們對完美的嚮往

  • Van Gogh sees the star-filled sky as a map, and death itself as a kind of space shuttle.

    梵谷認為星空是張地圖 而死亡是一架太空梭

  • The sight of the stars sets me dreaming quite as simply as do the black dots which denote towns and villages on a map.”

    "星星使我做夢 就如同地圖上代表小鎮與村落的黑點"

  • “I think it not impossible that cholera and cancer may be celestial means of locomotion...

    "我認為霍亂與癌症 也許是通往天境的工具"

  • ... like steamships, omnibuses and the railway.”

    "就像輪船 公車與火車"

  • His two nightscapes are the product of this vision:

    梵谷的兩幅夜景 皆以下列概念為出發點:

  • The first, where the sky seems a divine and unchanging canvas, and his treatment of the stars is conventional,

    第一 天空是神聖 永恆的畫布 但星星則以傳統方式描繪

  • and the second, where the cypress - the traditional cemetery tree - evokes death, which transports us from our world to the realm of celestial light.

    第二 墓地常見的柏樹使人想起死亡 死亡能帶人離世 前往天光之境

  • But the latter also reflects a more modern response to the heavens - a response linked with a sense of the infinite and the immense.

    後者亦衍生出人們對天堂更新潮的思維: 無限與無垠

  • In the world of music, the vault of heaven recurs as the image behind this set design for Mozart’s “Magic Flute”.

    音樂世界中 拱頂出現在莫札特《魔笛》的這一幕

  • But the tingling sublimity which we feel in the Queen of the Night’s aria no longer reflects a yearning for order, but a sense

    但在夜后的詠嘆調中 這份揪心的崇高不再是對秩序的嚮往

  • of our littleness in the face of immensity.

    而是面對無限時 對渺小的體認

  • In architecture, too, holes in the vaulting of Etienne-Louis Boullée’s huge Cenotaph for Isaac Newton simulate starlight and make humans ant-sized.

    建築方面 在布雷獻給牛頓的巨型紀念碑上 孔洞模擬了星光 使人類自覺渺小

  • Both celebrate reason’s triumph over imagination : the Queen of the Night is vanquished by Sarastro’s wisdom, and Boullée salutes Newtonian science - themathematical sublime

    兩者皆慶讚理性勝於想像: 薩拉斯妥智退夜后 布雷則向牛頓的"數學崇高"致敬

  • Immensity is also Van Gogh’s theme in his second nightscape.

    無垠亦是梵谷第二幅夜景的主題

  • He breaks new ground by giving his sky the elemental power, effectively captured by other artists, of:

    他賦予天空自然界的力量 以達到創新 尤其是其他藝術家常用的力量 例如:

  • volcanoes

    火山

  • avalanches

    雪崩

  • and floods.

    與洪水

  • He is celebrating, not scientific knowledge, but the willpower

    他為意志喝采 而非科學新知

  • which enables human beings to defy even forces which threaten to destroy them.

    意志使人藐視力量 而這些力量卻可能毀滅人類

  • This is thedynamic sublime”, as embodied in minute, but steadfast figures who stand firm against the elements.

    這便是"力學崇高" 其具體表現為堅決對抗大自然的小人物

  • In El Greco’s seventeenth-century vision of Toledo, the cathedral forms an unshakable landmark beneath the stormy sky.

    17世紀的葛雷柯認為 托雷多大教堂是暴風雨中不可動搖的地標

  • Van Gogh shifts these elemental forces to the star-filled sky above Saint-Rémy’s proud steeple,

    梵谷將這些自然界的力量 移轉至聖雷米引以為傲的尖塔之上

  • where reason, not madness, guides his brush, and this nondescript Provençal village acquires mythical status,

    作畫時梵谷相當理性 而這個原先沒沒無聞的普羅旺斯村落 卻因梵谷而被奉為神話

  • as a sublime fixed point in a world rocked and buffeted by the swirling currents of modernity.

    儘管被現代渦流衝擊 它仍然屹立不搖

  • Special thanks : English translation Vincent Nash

    特此感謝 英文字幕翻譯: 何泰穎 Eddy Ho

Art...

藝術

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