Name: 【地層處分的科學】1-2. 放射性核種的玻璃固化 (【地層処分の科学】1-2. 放射性核種のガラス固化)
Uploaded: 2026-01-03T03:22:19.000Z
Duration: 10 min 39 s

So we have learned until now that we need to isolate the fission products and to fix them in something better than a tank where we put them in.

所以我們到目前為止學到的是，我們需要將裂變產物隔離，並將它們固定在比儲存槽更好的東西裡。

So we make out of the fission products a solid.

所以我們將裂變產物製成固體。

We cannot just dry them and there will be too much heat produced.

我們不能只是把它們烘乾，因為會產生太多熱量。

So we need to have a matrix, a solid matrix where we can put the fission products in maybe 10, 20% of fission products and 80% of additives of some other solids, so that it becomes some really strong solid phase.

所以我們需要一個基質，一個固態基質，我們可以將大約 10% 到 20% 的裂變產物，以及 80% 的其他固體添加劑放進去，這樣它就會變成一個非常堅固的固相。

As solid phase, we can have either amorphous or crystalline substances.

作為固相，我們可以選擇非晶質或晶質的物質。

Amorphous just for explaining what it is.

非晶質只是為了說明它是什麼。

Amorphous is a structure which is aperiodic.

Distances are different between the different atoms.

不同原子之間的距離是不同的。

And possible in such an amorphous structure to fix atoms of very different types.

而且在這樣的非晶質結構裡，可以固定住各種不同類型的原子。

And the fission products which are produced by the nuclear reaction, they have all sizes of all different sizes because they cover essentially the whole periodic system.

而核反應產生的裂變產物，它們的大小各式各樣，因為它們幾乎涵蓋了整個週期表。

So you have alkali elements, alkali earth elements, you have rare earth elements.

所以你會看到鹼金屬元素、鹼土金屬元素，還有稀土元素。

And all of them are radioactive, or many of them are radioactive.

而且它們很多都是放射性的，或者說大部分都是放射性的。

And then these need to be fixed in some structure which covers all of them.

然後這些就需要被固定在某種結構裡，能夠涵蓋所有這些元素。

We could also there the amorphous structure has really an advantage because we can put sufficient products of different size in crystalline products seems to be a little bit stable.

在這裡，非晶質結構確實有優勢，因為我們可以放入足夠多的不同尺寸的產物，而晶質產物似乎稍微穩定一些。

So in amorphous, Some amorphous solids could transform into crystalline 1.

所以在非晶質方面，有些非晶質固體可以轉變成晶質。

The distance between the atoms are normally much more fixed.

They are smaller and larger bond distances and so on.

它們有較小和較大的鍵結距離等等。

And some radionuclides can be nicely incorporated into such crystalline structures, but

有些放射性核種可以很好地融入這種晶質結構中，但是

many cannot, because if you have a whole series of different sizes of atoms, it's difficult to put all of them in one single crystal.

很多不行，因為如果你有一整系列的原子尺寸都不同，很難把所有原子都放進單一晶體裡。

So what we do, one would need different crystals for each of the radionuclides.

所以我們做的，就是需要為每個放射性核種準備不同的晶體。

We prefer on the scientists which have worked on this since some 50 years, they come up with borosilicate glass as the worldwide best choice.

我們傾向於那些已經研究了約50年的科學家，他們提出了硼矽酸鹽玻璃作為全球最佳選擇。

And there's now also industrial, large industrial experience of fabricating such borosilicate glass.

現在也有工業上，大規模工業製造硼矽酸鹽玻璃的經驗。

You see here at the top in this image, just a sketch of how a borosilicate glass may look at, maybe looked at from the size of the atomic distances.

你在這裡圖片頂部可以看到，這只是一個硼矽酸鹽玻璃可能樣貌的草圖，也許是從原子距離的大小來看的。

So the atoms you see, they are very large different cages at different distances.

所以你看的原子，在不同的距離有很大的不同籠子。

You have oxygen, you have silica, you have boron, you have aluminum.

你有氧、有二氧化矽、有硼、有鋁。

These all are glass making substance that produces somehow the glass.

這些都是玻璃的組成物質，能製造出玻璃。

And then radionuclides which you see at the bottom of this diagram, little PF would then be fission product.

然後你在此圖下方看到的放射性核種，小小的 PF 就是裂變產物。

They could be incorporated in this structure and into this.

So you have the silicon oxide, boron oxide.

essentially the linking between silica and boron, between silica and aluminium, between aluminum and sodium, there's always some oxygen atoms in between, because this is all oxides which are somehow molten to form a borosilicate glass.

基本上，二氧化矽和硼之間、二氧化矽和鋁之間、鋁和鈉之間的連結，中間總是有一些氧原子，因為這些都是氧化物，它們被熔化以形成硼矽酸鹽玻璃。

And of course there are some boron, that's what borosilicate means, and silicium as some main elements.

當然也有一些硼，這就是硼矽酸鹽的意思，以及矽作為一些主要元素。

But of course the principal element is oxygen in such a gas network.

但當然，在這樣的氧網絡裡，主要的元素是氧。

So it's a uni cost phase for minor actinides like americium neptunium, for fission products like cesium 137, strontium 90, technetium 99, iodine 129 and so on.

所以對於像鋂、鈽這類次錒系元素，以及像銫137、鍶90、鎝99、碘129等等的裂變產物，這是一種單價相。

Activation products are inactive substances which by neutrons coming from a nuclear reactor, from the nuclear fission become activated.

活化產物是指那些因為核反應爐的中子、核分裂而變得活化的非活性物質。

So they are active, they are also radioactive and they also need to be fixed in such a structure.

所以它們是活性的，它們也是放射性的，而且它們也需要被固定在這樣的結構裡。

So these radionuclides are very dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years.

所以這些放射性核種會非常危險好幾十萬年。

So the glass which we produce should also be stable for hundreds of thousands of years.

是以，我們生產的玻璃也應該穩定好幾十萬年。

Normally, if you look in nature, you see many solid phases, you see minerals, you see even natural glasses.

通常，如果你看看大自然，你會看到很多固體相，你會看到礦物，你甚至會看到天然玻璃。

And some of them are millions of years of stable.

其中一些已經穩定了好幾百萬年。

Some they are produced by volcanoes and so on, and they have very long stability.

有些是由火山等產生的，它們有非常長的穩定性。

And if the radionuclides would be in such a structure, that will be very good fixed.

所以如果放射性核種能處於這樣的結構中，就會被非常穩定地固定住。

Now, going more in detail, what is a glass structure?

現在，我們來更詳細地看看，什麼是玻璃結構？

This is essentially only silicon dioxide in a more aperiodic way of arrangement.

它基本上就是二氧化矽，但排列方式比較無規則。

You see here some larger cages and smaller cages, but it's rather difficult to incorporate in this radionuclides.

你看到這裡有較大的籠狀結構和較小的籠狀結構，但要把這些放射性核種融入其中相當困難。

It's very stable relative to water, for example, relative to groundwater.

它相對於水，例如地下水，非常穩定。

But the melting temperature is very high.

It and it's difficult to make an industrial process at 2000 degrees, in which case you still are able to put radionuclides into such a structure.

要在攝氏兩千度的高溫下進行工業製程，同時還能將放射性核種置入這樣的結構中，是很困難的。

And so it's much easier to take borosilicate glass.

所以，使用硼矽酸鹽玻璃就容易多了。

它大約在攝氏一千兩百度熔化。

And you can put radionuclides inside, into this structure, as is indicated here, with this black points.

然後你可以把放射性核種放進去，放進這個結構裡，就像這裡顯示的，用這些黑點。

這種玻璃是由二氧化矽形成的。

Principally then you have breaking bonds by sodium and bridging Oxygen.

主要是鈉離子打斷了鍵結，還有橋接的氧。

You have open oxygen bonds and you find lots of oxygen cages where somehow the radionuclides are surrounded by oxygen and fixed inside of this glass network.

你會有開放的氧鍵，你會發現很多氧籠，放射性核種會被氧包圍並固定在這個玻璃網絡裡。

So the fission products, they become an integral component of the glass.

所以，裂變產物就成為玻璃的組成部分。

所以我們就有了一種放射性玻璃。

Like the sodium is part of the glass, like the silicon is part of the glass.

就像鈉是玻璃的一部分，矽也是玻璃的一部分。

The fission products which are now inside of the glass are also part of the glass.

現在在玻璃裡的裂變產物，也是玻璃的一部分。

These glasses are quite often black, so the radionuclides give it also some kind of a color.

這些玻璃常常是黑色的，所以放射性核種也給了它某種顏色。

So how are these radionuclides fixed in the glass?

那麼，這些放射性核種是如何固定在玻璃裡的呢？

We have coordination environment, for example, of tetravalent plutonium.

我們有配位環境，例如四價鈽。

And coordination environment means to have the oxygen cage inside of the glass, the oxygen binding structure, where is the plutonium in and how much bonds.

配位環境意味著玻璃內部有氧籠、氧鍵結構，鈽就在裡面，有多少鍵結。

It's linked to the glass network, it's about eight.

它與玻璃網絡連結，大約是八個。

For uranium four, it's about six to eight.

對於四價鈾來說，大約是六到八個。

然後我們這裡有一個釷的例子。

For example, you see the thorium inside of the glass structure with a distance of oxygen atoms in all directions.

例如，你看到玻璃結構裡的釷，四周的氧原子距離。

And then this is linked to the silica and aluminum network and so on.

然後這就連結到二氧化矽和鋁的網絡等等。

So it becomes some kind of detailed structure.

所以它就變成了一種詳細的結構。

Normally, one does not need to understand all the different distances which are there, and

通常，我們不需要了解所有不同的距離，

It would depend on temperature, it would depend on making production.

這會取決於溫度，也會取決於生產過程。

But what's important is that we do have with a glass a fixation of the radionuclides inside of the glass structure where it cannot come out.

但重要的是，玻璃能夠將放射性核種固定在玻璃結構內部，讓它無法出來。

Except, of course, if the whole glass becomes destroyed or something like this, or if water comes in contact with the glass.

當然，除非整個玻璃被破壞，或者玻璃接觸到水。

This may dissolve some of this materials, but even that may take a long time.

這可能會溶解其中一些材料，但即使這樣也可能需要很長時間。

我之後會再回來討論這個問題。