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  • Welcome to Roman Architecture.

    歡迎來到羅馬建築這堂課

  • I'm Professor Kleiner, and what I'd like to do today

    我是你們的教授 Kleiner,今天的主題是

  • is to give you a sense of some of the great buildings

    要讓你們對一些偉大的建築物有基本認識

  • and some of the themes that we will be studying together this semester.

    其中部分主題,我們這學期中會介紹

  • I think it's important to note, from the outset,

    有一點我覺得很重要,要在一開始先告訴你們:

  • that Roman architecture is primarily an architecture of cities.

    古羅馬建築主要是城市建築

  • The Romans structured a man-made, worldwide empire out of architectural forms,

    古羅馬人用建築打造了一個人工、世界性的帝國

  • and those architectural forms revolutionized the ancient world

    而在建築領域,為古代世界帶來革命性影響

  • and exerted a lasting influence on the architecture and the architects of post-classical times.

    也對建築和後古典時期的建築師產生長遠影響

  • This semester we will be concerned primarily with urban

    這學期我們會著重城市、

  • communities-- with urban communities--and we

    公共生活,討論都市的公共生活

  • will, in the first half of this

    上半學期

  • semester, we will focus on the city of

    焦點放在羅馬這個城市

  • Rome, and in the second-- and also central Italy,

    接下來,到義大利中部去

  • including Pompeii.

    包括龐貝城

  • And I wanted to show you, at the outset,

    一開始我想先讓你們看看

  • an aerial view of Rome--you see it over here,

    羅馬的空照圖,看這裡

  • on the left-hand side of the screen--

    螢幕左手邊

  • that situates us in the very core of the ancient city.

    這張圖幫我們指出古城的中心位置

  • You see the famous Colosseum, the very icon of Rome,

    可以看到著名的競技場,羅馬的象徵

  • at the upper right.

    右上方

  • You see the Roman Forum, as it looks today,

    你看到的是古羅馬市政廣場 (註:拉丁文「人民的」)今天的樣貌

  • and you see a part of the Capitoline Hill,

    以及一部分的卡比托利歐山丘

  • transformed by Michelangelo into the famous Campidoglio,

    米開朗基羅把它改建成著名的卡比托利歐廣場

  • as well as the Via dei Fori Imperiali of Mussolini,

    還有墨索里尼的帝國大道

  • built by Mussolini, and the Imperial Fora.

    墨索里尼建造的,以及帝國議事廣場

  • So the city of Rome again we'll be concentrating on,

    這就是羅馬城,也就是我們

  • at the beginning of this semester, as well as the city of

    在學期一開始的主要重點

  • Pompeii.

    還有龐貝城

  • An aerial view of Pompeii, as it looks today.

    龐貝空照圖,這是現在的樣貌

  • You can see many of the buildings of the city,

    可以看到這座城市裡的很多建築物

  • including the houses and the shops, and also the

    包括住宅和店鋪

  • entertainment district.

    以及娛樂區

  • This is the theater and the music hall of ancient Pompeii.

    這是古龐貝的劇場和音樂廳

  • The amphitheater is over here.

    圓形劇場在這裡

  • And you can see, of course, looming up in the

    也可以看到,當然了,背景裡隱約看得到

  • background, Mount Vesuvius, the mountain that caused all that trouble in 79 A.D.

    維蘇威火山,這座山引發了西元79年那場災難

  • So that's the first half of the semester.

    以上就是上半學期的內容

  • The second half of the semester we are going to be going out

    下半學期,我們會走出羅馬

  • into the provinces, into the Roman provinces,

    去看看羅馬帝國其他地區(行省)

  • and that is going to take us-- and we're going to look at the

    我們會去看看各個地區

  • provinces both in the eastern and the western part of the

    包括帝國的西部和東部

  • Empire-- and that will take us to Roman Greece.

    去看希臘的羅馬時期 (註:西元前146年羅馬統治時期)

  • It will take us to Asia Minor; Asia Minor, which of course is modern Turkey.

    然後來到小亞細亞,小亞細亞是現在的土耳其

  • It will take us to North Africa.

    到北非地區

  • It will take us to the Middle East,

    中東地區

  • in what's now Jordan and Syria, and it will also take us to

    也就是今天的約旦和敘利亞,然後也會到

  • Europe, to western Europe,

    歐洲,歐洲西部

  • to cities in France and to cities in Spain.

    法國的城市,以及西班牙的城市

  • And let me just show you an example of some of the buildings

    我舉幾個建築案例給你們看

  • that we'll look at as we travel to the provinces.

    這些案例是當我們介紹到那些地區時會特別注意的

  • This is the Library of Celsus, in Ephesus,

    這是塞爾蘇斯圖書館,在艾菲索斯(另譯為「以弗所」)

  • on the western coast of Turkey.

    位於土耳其西部海岸

  • This--the theater, a spectacularly well-preserved

    而這個劇場,保存得驚人完整

  • theater at Sabratha, you see on the upper right-hand

    右上方看到的是塞卜拉泰的劇場

  • side; and down here a restored view

    下面這一張

  • of the masterful Palace of Diocletian.

    是壯麗的戴克里先宮殿復原圖

  • We have the late Roman emperors in a place called Split,

    羅馬帝國晚期,位於 Split 這個地方

  • which is in Croatia, along the fabulously gorgeous

    在克羅埃西亞

  • Dalmatian Coast today.

    沿著今天的Dalmatian海岸一帶 (註:亞得里亞海東岸)

  • So those are just a sampling of the kinds of buildings that

    以上案例就是我們會談到的

  • we'll look at in the provinces.

    帝國其它地區的建築物

  • We're going to be seeing, we'll be concentrating on the

    我們要開始來看,先著重在

  • ways in which the Romans planned and built their cities.

    古羅馬規劃、建造城市的方式

  • And it's important to note, from the very outset,

    一開始我要先提醒一個重點

  • that Rome itself grew in a very ad hoc way.

    羅馬城市的發展方式很特別

  • And we can tell that.

    我們可以看到

  • Here's a Google Earth image showing that core of Rome,

    這是Google 地球的影像,羅馬城的中心

  • with the Colosseum, with the famous,

    有競技場,和十分著名的

  • modern Victor Emmanuel Monument that looks either like a wedding

    現代風格維托里亞諾艾曼紐二世紀念館

  • cake or a typewriter.

    看起來像是婚禮蛋糕或一台打字機

  • It's very white, and it's called the wedding

    潔白醒目,被很多的當地人

  • cake by a lot of the locals.

    稱為婚禮蛋糕

  • You see that here.

    看到這裡

  • But it's a landmark in Rome.

    是羅馬的地標

  • And the Capitoline Hill, with the Campidoglio over here;

    然後是卡比托利歐山,卡比托利歐廣場在這裡

  • the Forum, the Roman Forum; the Imperial Fora on this side.

    古羅馬廣場,帝國議事廣場在另一側

  • But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow

    但你可以從較為彎曲、狹窄的羅馬街道看出端倪

  • streets of the city of Rome, as they look from above today,

    現在從空照可以看到

  • you can see that again the city grew in a fairly ad hoc

    這個城市的發展方式相當特別

  • way, as I mentioned.

    就像之前所提到的

  • It wasn't planned all at once, it just grew up over time,

    它並非一次規劃完成,而是隨著時間發展

  • beginning in the eighth century B.C.

    從西元前八世紀開始

  • Now this is interesting because what we know about the Romans is

    這很有趣,因為我們知道古羅馬人

  • when they were left to their own devices,

    當時已具備一次規劃完成的能力

  • and they could build a city from scratch,

    他們從零開始規劃、建設城市

  • they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way.

    並沒有放任城市那樣古怪地發展

  • They structured it in a very methodical way.

    他們的工程建設很有系統

  • It was basically based on military strategy,

    是以軍事策略為本

  • military planning.

    軍事考量的規劃

  • The Romans, they couldn't have conquered the world without

    古羅馬人如果沒有高超軍事謀劃

  • obviously having a masterful military enterprise,

    想必就無法征服世界

  • and everywhere they went on their various campaigns,

    而且在他們出征所及的地方

  • their various military campaigns, they would build

    各式各樣的軍事戰役所到之處,都會建設

  • camps, and those camps were always

    軍營,這些軍營總是

  • laid out in a very geometric plan,

    以幾何的方式規劃平面,沿著網格排列,

  • along a grid, usually square or rectangular.

    通常是方形或矩形

  • So when we begin to see the Romans building their ideal

    所以當我們看到古羅馬的理想城市

  • Roman city, they turn to that so-called

    就是所謂的「營寨」

  • castrum, or military camp design,

    或者說,是軍事基地的設計

  • and they build their cities that way.

    他們以此方式建造城市

  • And I show you here one example.

    你們看一下這個案例

  • We're using Google Earth here again,

    這個案例也是利用Google 地球

  • another example of, or an example of a city called

    另外這個案例,是在「提姆加德」這個城市

  • Timgad, T-i-m-g-a-d,

    拼法是T-i-m-g-a-d,

  • which is in modern Algeria, and the ancient city still

    是今天的阿爾及利亞,這個城市仍然

  • survives.

    存在

  • And if we look at this Google Earth image of it,

    從Google 地球的影像裡,

  • you can see there are no later accretions,

    可以看到這個城市並沒有後來的增建、擴張,不同於羅馬

  • as we have in Rome, no later civilizations built on

    沒有後來的各種文明

  • top of it.

    疊加上去

  • You can see the ideal Roman plan, which, as I said,

    這就是理想的古羅馬規劃,和我剛剛說的一樣

  • is usually either a square or a rectangle.

    通常是方形或矩形兩者之一

  • It has in the center the two main streets of the city.

    城市的中心有兩條主要街道

  • The north-south street is called the cardo,

    南北向的街道稱為「南北軸大道」

  • c-a-r-d-o.

    拼法是c-a-r-d-o

  • The east-west street is called the decumanus,

    東西向的街道稱為「東西軸大道」

  • d-e-c-u-m-a-n-u-s.

    拼法是d-e-c-u-m-a-n-u-s

  • We'll go back to all of this in the future; so you don't have to

    我們以後會再回來談這部分

  • worry about it today.

    現在先不必擔心

  • The cardo and the decumanus,

    「南北軸大道」和「東西軸大道」

  • and you can see that they cross exactly;

    兩者正好交錯

  • they intersect exactly at the center of the city.

    交叉點位於城市中心

  • And then the rest of the city is arranged in blocks,

    城市其它的部份街廓羅列

  • very regular blocks, this grid plan that I mentioned

    十分工整,也就是我剛剛提過的

  • before.

    網格狀規劃

  • Then some of the major monuments, whether it's the

    然後,一些主要的紀念建築物,無論是

  • theater or the forum, are arranged in different parts

    劇場或市政廣場,都配置在城市的不同位置

  • of the city, and then these blocks

    這些街廓

  • constitute essentially the housing and the shops and so on

    構成基本的房舍和店鋪

  • and so forth.

    依此類推

  • This is a city that was planned in around 100 A.D.,

    這個城市於西元100年規劃

  • under the emperor Trajan.

    在圖拉真帝王的時代

  • And again it gives us an inkling of what the Romans --

    帶給我們一些有關古羅馬的線索

  • when the Romans thought about ideal Roman town planning --

    當古羅馬人思考理想的城鎮規劃時

  • it was this grid plan, not Rome, but this grid plan

    是這樣的網格規劃,不是今天的羅馬,而是格狀

  • that they had very much in mind.

    他們有很多點子

  • Cities like Rome, like Timgad,

    像是提姆加德或羅馬這些城市

  • and most of the others that we'll look at in the course of

    以及大多數我們這學期課程會看的其它城市

  • this semester, were surrounded by defensive

    被防禦性的

  • walls.

    城牆包圍

  • As a major military machine in its own right,

    城市本身做為軍事設施

  • Rome was only too aware of the dangers of attack from others,

    羅馬人非常清楚遭受攻擊的危險性

  • and consequently they walled their cities.

    因此他們以城牆圍住城市

  • And we will look at the two major walls in Rome,

    我們會談到在羅馬的兩道主要城牆

  • as well as walls in other parts of the Roman world.

    以及羅馬帝國其它地區的牆

  • I promise not to spend too much time on walls,

    我保證不花太多時間談城牆

  • because they're essentially piles of stone.

    因為它們根本就是一堆石頭

  • But they're important in their own right and I will speak to

    但他們很重要,必要的時候我會講解

  • them on occasion, and especially the two in Rome.

    尤其是這兩道在羅馬的牆

  • You see them here.

    這裡看到的是

  • This is the first wall in Rome, the so-called Servian Walls,

    羅馬城的第一道牆,被稱為「塞維安城牆」

  • which was built in the Republic, in the Roman Republic,

    是羅馬共和國時期建造的(509 BC-27 BC)

  • to surround the city, the Republican city,

    城牆包圍了共和國人民的城市

  • and essentially the Seven Hills, the famous Seven Hills of

    和七個重要的山丘,知名的「羅馬七山丘」

  • Rome, to surround the Seven Hills of

    在西元前四世紀的時候

  • Rome, in the fourth century B.C.

    包圍了「羅馬七山丘」

  • You see a section of it here.

    你看到的是其中一段城牆

  • This wall--any of you who've come to Rome by train,

    這道牆,任何搭火車來到羅馬的人

  • and the Stazione Termini, see a very extensive section of

    抵達特米尼車站,一出來的時候會看到這段龐大的

  • the Servian Walls, as you get out--I don't know if

    「塞維安城牆」,不知道你們有沒有注意到

  • you've noticed it, but you should see--an

    但你們應該看一下

  • extensive section of the Servian Walls right outside the train

    龐大的城牆佇立在

  • station.

    車站外面

  • This is a different section, a picture I took on the

    這是另外一段,這張照片是我在

  • Aventine Hill, showing part of that wall.

    阿文提諾山丘 (註:羅馬七丘之一)拍的,是牆的另一部分

  • And that was eventually replaced by later walls.

    但後來修建的牆取代了原本的

  • The city grew over time.

    城市隨著時間發展

  • It needed a more extensive, broader wall system,

    需要更大更寬的城牆系統

  • and in the late third century A.D., under the emperor

    西元三世紀後期,奧勒良帝國時期

  • Aurelian, the famous Aurelian Walls were built.

    著名的奧勒良城牆蓋起來了

  • The Aurelian Walls, as you know -- there's no way

    奧勒良城牆,你們知道的,絕對不可能錯過的

  • you've missed those -- I'm sure if you've been in Rome

    我相信你們去過羅馬的話

  • you've seen the Aurelian Walls-- they're there,

    一定會看到奧勒良城牆,就在這邊

  • they're very much there-- at least if you've left the

    差不多就在這裏,

  • city.

    至少出城的時候你會看到

  • Maybe if you've just gone into the core of the city and haven't

    也許你只去了市中心,沒有離開那個範圍

  • gone beyond that, you might not have seen them.

    那可能沒機會看到

  • But if you've left the city, you've seen the Aurelian Walls

    但如果你有離開羅馬城的話,就會看到奧勒良城牆

  • -- a very impressive set of walls that encircled the later

    讓人印象深刻的一道城牆,圍繞著後來的

  • city.

    城市

  • One thing that's apparent to you as you look at these,

    這些城牆有個顯而易見的特點

  • even if you have no knowledge of Roman

    你一定也注意了,即使你對古羅馬建築還不了解

  • architecture, is these are made of very

    這兩道城牆使用的

  • different kinds of materials.

    材料非常不一樣

  • So technical issues come to the fore right away as one analyzes

    所以,技術這個議題,在我們要分析

  • this sort of thing.

    這些城牆的時候立刻就浮現了

  • In the early period, essentially blocks of stone,

    比較早期的時候,基本上是用石塊

  • piled one on top of the other, for the wall.

    一塊塊堆疊成牆

  • Here, a more sophisticated use, later on in the Empire,

    而帝國後期採用了比較複雜的工法

  • of a new technology that we're going to talk about a lot this

    我們這學期會談很多這方

  • semester.

    面的事

  • That is concrete, and what concrete did to

    那就是混凝土了,

  • revolutionize Roman architecture;

    混凝土如何革新古羅馬建築

  • concrete, in this particular case, faced with brick.

    混凝土,這個特別的案例裡,是用磚裝飾表面

  • We talked about regular town planning and the location of the

    我們已經談了一般的城鎮規劃

  • cardo and the decumanus.

    以及「南北軸大道」和「東西軸大道」的位置

  • I want to show you just an example of this.

    我想讓你們看看這個案例

  • This is a city in Italy, in this case the city of

    在義大利的城市,這個案例是

  • Pompeii.

    龐貝城

  • You see it here in plan.

    你在平面圖上看到的

  • This is a plan of Pompeii as it looked, just at the moment that

    是龐貝城當時的樣子

  • Vesuvius erupted.

    在維蘇威火山爆發那一刻的樣子

  • So in August of 79 A.D.

    所以,西元79年八月時

  • this was the way Pompeii was at that particular time.

    龐貝城就是這個狀態

  • You can see it's not really a rectangle;

    你可以看到它不全然是矩形

  • it's kind of elongated, sort of like an oval,

    有點被拉長了,大致上是橢圓形

  • kind of an oval, an irregular oval.

    像橢圓形,不規則的橢圓

  • But it has the sense; I think it has the sense.

    但我想其中有脈絡可循

  • It shows you that again even though the Romans were thinking

    它再次告訴我們,即使古羅馬人希望

  • to try to create their cities in a very regular way,

    用固有的方式建造城市

  • it didn't always work out exactly that way,

    總是無法準確執行

  • depending on the terrain and so on and so forth.

    還取決於地形和其它條件

  • But this is a rough--it's sort of an irregular rectangle,

    但大致而言,還算是一種不規則矩形

  • as you can see here.

    在這裡可以看到

  • But if you look very carefully, you sort of say to yourself

    但如果仔細看,你大概會想問問自己

  • like, "Where's the cardo,

    南北軸大道在哪裡?

  • where's the dec?

    東西軸大道 (註:dec為簡稱) 在哪裡?

  • You just told us the cardo and the

    妳不是才告訴我們南北軸

  • decumanus intersect in the center;

    和東西軸大道會在城市中心交會嗎?

  • like where are they?

    它們在哪裡?

  • Why aren't they intersecting in the center?"

    為什麼它們沒有在城市中心交會?

  • Well, surprise, surprise, maybe not such a

    意外吧,想不到吧,可能也沒那麼令人意外

  • surprise, if you look over here at the bottom left,

    如果看左下角這裡

  • you will actually see the original city of Pompeii.

    的確能看到一開始的龐貝城

  • In the fourth century B.C., the third century B.C.,

    西元前四世紀、前三世紀、前二世紀的時候

  • the second century B.C., Pompeii didn't look like this;

    龐貝城不是現在這樣

  • Pompeii looked like this.

    而是這個樣子

  • And if you look very carefully at just this section,

    而且你如果仔細地看這個區域

  • where we have the buildings in the various colors,

    建築物以不同顏色標示的地方

  • you will see that there is indeed a cardo and a

    你會看到這裡確實有南北軸和

  • decumanus that intersect exactly at the center of this

    東西軸交會在這個大致上呈現矩形的城市中心

  • roughly square-- so this was actually pretty

    所以,原來的城市規畫相當方整

  • regular originally-- this roughly square city of

    龐貝城大致上是

  • Pompeii.

    矩形的

  • At three we find the forum, because the forum is always at

    在「3」這個地方是廣場,因為廣場總是

  • the intersection.

    在交會點上

  • The Romans try--they're very careful about this sort of

    古羅馬人,他們很注重這件事

  • thing-- try to put their forum right at

    他們試圖把廣場放在

  • the intersection of the cardo and the

    南北軸和東西軸大道的

  • decumanus.

    交叉點

  • You see that here; and then you see a lot of other

    在這裡,然後其他很多的

  • buildings splayed off to either side.

    建築物在兩側展開

  • The law court or the basilica, another temple here.

    法院或巴西利卡(註:長方形會堂,一種空間形式),和其它神廟

  • Here the main Temple of Jupiter, and the Senate House or

    這裡是主要的朱比特神殿,議會或元老院

  • Curia, and a series of other religious and comparable

    和一連系列其他的宗教建築及同等重要的建築物

  • structures, on the right-hand side.

    就在右手邊

  • So it began as a quite regular plan, cardo and

    所以,一開始的平面規劃很典型,南北軸大道

  • decumanus intersecting at the center, forum right at the

    和東西軸大道交會在中心,而廣場就在

  • intersection of those two.

    兩者的交叉點上

  • And then over time it grew.

    城市隨著時間發展

  • It grew and expanded, and the streets,

    發展、擴張,而街道

  • the same streets, the cardo expanded,

    原本這一條南北軸大道像外延伸

  • although it was no longer exactly at the center of the

    即使已經偏離城市的

  • city.

    正中心了

  • This is a view from Google Earth that shows you just pretty

    這是Google 地球的截圖,看起來差不多

  • much-- I tried to angle it in such a

    我試著把它轉到

  • way that it looks-- that it's exactly the same

    這個角度,接近一樣的

  • angle, or close to exactly the same angle,

    角度,跟我們剛才看

  • as the plan that we just looked at before.

    的平面圖角度一樣

  • And you can see over here the amphitheater.

    在這裡看到的是圓形劇場

  • You can see many of the streets, including the shops and

    很多街道,商店和住家

  • the houses, and you can see over here the forum,

    這裡看到的是廣場

  • as it looks today from the air.

    從空照圖看到的現況

  • And again it shows you how helpful Google--

    再次強調Google有多好用

  • and, of course, as you know,

    當然了你們會因為其他用途,

  • using Google Earth yourselves for other purposes,

    使用Google 地球

  • you know that you can go way down;

    可以俯瞰城市

  • I mean, you can find the entire city and then you can go and

    我是說,你們可以找到這個城市,

  • explore each individual building on your own and in your own

    然後有空的時候可以自己探索

  • time.

    每一棟建築

  • In fact, that's what I've done here.

    其實我就是這樣找圖的

  • Here you see a closer view of the forum in Pompeii,

    這是放大的龐貝城廣場

  • as it looks today, from the air,

    現況空照圖

  • via Google Earth, here at the left.

    Google 地球的圖,左邊這張

  • And I compare it to this plan that comes from your textbook,

    我把這張和你們教科書上的平面圖做比較

  • one of your two textbooks.

    你們手上兩本教科書的其中一本

  • This is the book by J.B. Ward-Perkins,

    這本書的作者是J.B. Ward-Perkins

  • which is, of the two, the more--well,

    也就是,兩者之中更…好吧

  • they're both important, but then they both do different

    兩位都很重要,他們做的事不太一樣

  • things-- but one of the two important

    我們這學期用了兩本

  • books that we'll be using this semester.

    重要的書

  • Here is a plan from that book.

    這張平面圖就在那本書裡

  • And you can see the way in which this forum,

    我們可以看到廣場裡的樣子

  • and this forum is very important at Pompeii because

    這個廣場對龐貝城而言很重要

  • it's very early in date, and consequently we will talk

    因為它時代很早,接下來我們會講解

  • about it a fair amount.

    不少與之相關的主題

  • We see this.

    看這裡

  • The way Roman forums were usually arranged was to have one

    古羅馬的廣場通常會配置一個

  • general open rectangular space, open to the sky,

    矩形的開放空間(註:公共空間),露天的

  • surrounded by columns, with a temple,

    周圍有柱列圍繞,還有神廟

  • the key, the most important temple,

    是最關鍵、最重要的神殿

  • the chief temple, pushed up against one of the

    主神殿被一道矮的背牆抬高

  • short back walls, and dominating the space in

    並且支配著

  • front of it.

    面前的(廣場)空間

  • This is a Capitolium; we'll talk about what a

    這是一座Capitolium(註:卡比托利歐、主神廟),我們以後會講到

  • Capitolium is in a future lecture, but it is a temple to

    什麼是Capitolium,就是獻給朱比特和其他神祇的神殿

  • Jupiter and others, as we shall see.

    我們在之後的課堂上會看到

  • Temple of Apollo over here, the basilica or law courts over

    阿波羅神殿在這裡,這裡是「巴西利卡」

  • here.

    或法庭 (註:basilica空間形式常當成法庭或市集)

  • And you can see, interestingly enough,

    看這邊,十分有趣的是

  • they have essentially the same shape as the central forum

    巴西利卡和中心廣場基本上是一樣的形狀

  • proper, rectangular with a colonnade in

    矩形且中間有柱廊環繞

  • the center, and then something on one side;

    然後,這邊有一個東西

  • it's not another temple but rather a tribunal,

    這並不是另一座神殿,而是法官席

  • a place from which the judge would try the cases in the law

    法庭裡法官仲裁案件

  • courts.

    的地方

  • We see the Senate House over here, and a series of other

    我們看到議會是在這裡,還有一系列的

  • buildings, including a marketplace and some other

    建築物,包括市集

  • buildings here, on the right-hand side.

    有些建築物在右手邊

  • So a typical Roman forum at its earliest.

    所以,最初的規劃是典型古羅馬廣場

  • This dates very early on, second century B.C.,

    可追溯到很早以前,西元前二世紀的時候

  • and is therefore an extremely important building for us.

    因此對我們來說是很重要的建築物

  • Just so that you get a sense of what some of these look like in

    正因如此,你們能從中了解一些內部空間的實際樣貌

  • actuality, this is the basilica or the law

    這是巴西利卡,或法庭

  • court, which is part of the Forum of

    龐貝城廣場的

  • Pompeii.

    一部分

  • And we see that tribunal that I mentioned before,

    然後這裡是我剛才提到的法官席

  • a two-story tribunal from which the judge would try the cases.

    兩層樓的法庭,法官會在這裡處理案件

  • The building isn't as well preserved as we'd like,

    這個建築物的保存狀態並不理想

  • although there's quite a bit there.

    即便如此,很多遺跡還是留下來了

  • What is there allows us to create this kind of

    足以讓我們畫出

  • reconstruction drawing where we can get a very good sense of

    復原圖,從中瞭解

  • what this building actually looked like in antiquity.

    建築物在古時候的實際樣貌

  • You see the tribunal over there.

    法官席在那裡

  • You see that there are double stories with columns on either

    可以看到這裡有兩層樓高,

  • side.

    柱子排列在兩側

  • You see these colossal columns along the aisle.

    巨大的柱子沿著走道排列

  • But most importantly, unlike the forum,

    但最重要的一點是,和露天的廣場不同

  • which was open to the sky, this is roofed,

    巴西利卡有屋頂覆蓋

  • and it had a flat roof with what's called a coffered

    它有平頂的方格(藻井式)天花

  • ceiling-- we'll talk about that later in

    我們這學期稍後會談到

  • the term-- but then a sloping roof from

    然後斜屋頂在

  • the outside.

    外面

  • And basilicas were always roofed;

    巴西利卡通常是有屋頂的

  • that's what distinguishes them from a lot of other Roman

    這是它的獨特之處,和許多其它的

  • buildings.

    古羅馬建築不同

  • Roman temple architecture.

    這是古羅馬的神殿建築

  • The Temples of Jupiter and Apollo at Pompeii are not that

    龐貝城的朱比特神殿和阿波羅神殿

  • well preserved, but some Roman temples are

    並沒有好好保存下來,但有一些古羅馬神殿

  • magnificently preserved.

    保存得非常好

  • I mean, look at this one, it's pristine;

    看看這一棟,完好無缺

  • it's like it was created yesterday as a duplicate of what

    就像昨天才蓋起來的古羅馬神廟複製品

  • a Roman temple, or a restoration of what a

    或這就像復原古羅馬神殿

  • Roman temple might have looked like.

    原本可能的樣子

  • You could put this in Memphis or somewhere like that,

    你可以把它放到孟菲斯之類的地方去(註:埃及的羅馬古城,現為博物館)

  • and think that you had a nice replica of a Roman temple.

    當作一個很棒的古羅馬神殿複製品

  • That's how well preserved it is.

    它就是保存的那麼完整

  • It's an amazing temple.

    令人驚訝的神殿

  • It just happens to be well preserved, in part because it

    恰巧被保存下來,有一部分是因為

  • was re-used over time, most recently as a small

    它被重複利用過,最近一次是被當成小型的

  • archaeological museum.

    考古學博物館

  • This is the famous Maison Carrée,

    它就是很有名的「尼姆卡利神殿」

  • or Square House, for obvious reasons,

    或「方形神殿」,叫這個名字的原因很明顯吧

  • that is in the beautiful French town ofmes,

    它位在美麗的法國小鎮尼姆

  • in the south of France.

    在南法

  • You see it here in all its glory.

    看看它多麼壯觀輝煌

  • And think as you look at this how many banks were based on

    想想你曾看過多少銀行的

  • this plan.

    規畫設計都是以它為根據

  • I mean, you can go to almost any small city in America and

    我是說,幾乎你到任何一個美國小鎮

  • see a bank that looks something like this,

    看到的銀行都長這樣

  • which just gives you some sense of again how influential Roman

    再次告訴我們古羅馬建築

  • architecture has been over time.

    一直以來的影響力

  • It's a quite traditional temple.

    這是很典型的神殿建築

  • We'll talk about the difference between traditional temple

    傳統神殿建築和

  • architecture and more innovative temple architecture in the

    新的神殿建築兩者有些差異

  • course of this semester.

    我們會在這學期課程中談到

  • And as innovative as it gets, is one of the key buildings of

    既然談到了創新,這一棟是古羅馬重要建築物之一

  • Roman architecture, which is, of course,

    也就是著名

  • the famous Pantheon in Rome.

    的羅馬萬神殿

  • I'm sure there's none of you who's been in Rome who hasn't

    我相信不可能有人去過羅馬卻沒

  • been inside the Pantheon.

    去萬神殿參觀

  • It's an incredible building.

    這棟是非常驚人的建築

  • This is a Google Map.

    這是Google 地圖

  • It was done during--the building was put up during the

    這棟建築物的完工年代

  • reign of the very important, from the architectural

    是在一位很重要的皇帝在位期間

  • standpoint and many other standpoints,

    從建築的角度和其它各方面而言

  • the very important Emperor Hadrian.

    十分重要的哈德良皇帝

  • And we see--this is again one of the wonderful things about

    而這又再次讓我們看到Google 地球很棒的地方

  • Google Earth, because you're seeing here the

    因為你能夠在現代的城市裡

  • modern city, but you're also seeing in 3D.

    也看到3D模型

  • The building still stands, and it's in incredible

    這棟建築物在不可思議的條件下佇立著

  • condition-- but you're also seeing the

    你能同時看到

  • building almost as it would've been in ancient times,

    建築物古時候的樣貌

  • surrounded by its modern environment.

    被現代的環境包圍著

  • It's a temple.

    它是一座神廟

  • It's a very distinctive and innovative temple,

    非常獨特、革新的神廟

  • because when you look at it from the front,

    從正面看

  • you see it has a kind of traditional porch.

    它有傳統門廊

  • It is not unlike the one on the Maison Carrée with

    和有著柱子支撐山牆的尼姆卡利神殿

  • columns that support a pediment and looks like earlier Greek or

    或類似於早期希臘的、

  • Etruscan architecture.

    伊特拉斯坎式的建築型式都不一樣

  • But what's very innovative about it is that once you go

    而是新穎的形式,當你一進入

  • into the building, you see that this is not

    這個建築物,你會看到這…

  • about--this is all about an interior space,

    因為它的室內空間

  • an extraordinary interior space that is shaped by light,

    很傑出的室內空間,是由光線塑造出來的

  • that is shaped by genius, essentially.

    基本上是天才才想得出來的

  • And this image is actually one of those that gives you a sense

    另外,這張照片是用來讓你們體會

  • of the kind of thing that I've been able to incorporate into

    這些空間的,這些照片資料我已經和課程整合了

  • this course, that I didn't always use

    我以前不常用這些資料

  • before, which includes many, many, many of my own images.

    裡面有很多我自己拍的照片

  • And this one I'm particularly proud of.

    而這張照片我特別引以為榮

  • It's a very atmospheric view of the dome of the Pantheon,

    很有氣氛的神殿圓頂內部空間

  • and I think really gives you, almost more than anything else,

    我想這張照片能帶給你們

  • gives you a sense almost more than anything else that I can

    比起今天其它要給你們看的所有東西

  • show you today, of Rome at its best,

    都來得棒的羅馬印象

  • of the power and glory of Rome and of Roman architecture.

    羅馬的強盛和輝煌,以及古羅馬建築

  • I'm very biased, but as far as I'm concerned

    我很偏心,但是我認為

  • this is the greatest building ever conceived by man.

    這是人類所能想到的,最了不起的建築物

  • So there you are.

    所以,就在這裡了

  • We'll see by the end of the semester whether you agree with

    學期末再來看看你們是否同意我說的

  • me or you think I'm absolutely wrong about that.

    或你們覺得我完全錯了

  • This is another extraordinary structure and one that enables

    這是另外一個傑出的建築,另一個會讓我

  • me to say something that you'll hear me say more than once--

    說出那句話,你們將會聽到我說很多次…

  • and I know I'm biased--but say more than once in the course of

    我知道我很偏心,但這學期我會

  • this semester, and that is that there isn't

    說很多次,那就是:

  • much that the Romans didn't discover,

    沒有什麼是古羅馬人想不到、創造不出來的

  • didn't create, and not just in architecture,

    不僅在建築

  • in all kinds of ways.

    在所有方面都是

  • And this is a good example of that.

    這正是個好例子

  • This is the so-called, the famous Markets of Trajan in

    這是所謂的,著名的羅馬圖拉真市集

  • Rome, part of the great Forum of the emperor Trajan in Rome.

    在羅馬帝國圖拉真皇帝時期是屬於市政廣場一部分

  • And you can see that what the Romans have done is taken a

    你可以看到羅馬人把一座山丘

  • hill, one of the famous Seven Hills,

    有名的羅馬七山丘其中一座

  • the Quirinal Hill, taken that hill,

    奎利那雷山,它們把這座山的

  • cut it back, poured concrete on it and

    後面切掉一塊,再把混凝土填充回去

  • created this incredible shopping center on the side of the hill.

    在山丘的一側建造了令人意想不到的購物中心

  • If this isn't the beginning of mall architecture,

    如果這不是購物中心的始祖

  • I don't know what is; shopping mall architecture.

    那什麼會是呢,商場建築

  • It's right here already.

    在當時已經有了

  • You can shop; there are over 150 shops.

    你可以逛超過150間商店

  • You can shop on a variety of levels.

    逛不同樓層

  • You can shop in the hemicycle, you can shop along the Via

    在這個半圓裡

  • Biberatica.

    沿著Biberatica大道購物

  • You can shop 'til you drop in this incredible mall.

    順道拜訪這個很棒的購物中心

  • And as one looks at it in detail, one sees amazing things.

    來看它的細節,有一些很棒的東西

  • This is a view of one of the shopping streets.

    這是其中一條商店街的街景

  • You can see the typical polygonal masonry that is so

    你可以看到很典型的多邊形石砌鋪面

  • characteristic of Roman street design here.

    這是羅馬很獨特的街道設計

  • Along it, some of the individual shops--think that

    再來是一些獨立的店鋪,想像沒有上面那部分

  • away at the top, that was added later.

    那是後來才加上的

  • But you see some of the individual shops here.

    這裡有一些獨立店鋪

  • And look how ingenious the Romans have been to provide not

    看看古羅馬人多麼地有創造力,不僅有

  • only a ramp but also a series of stairs, flat area stairs and so

    坡道,還有一層層樓梯

  • on.

    和階梯平台這一類的設計

  • And this has all been very, very carefully orchestrated by

    都經過設計師們非常細心的規劃

  • the designers in a way that is not only utilitarian but also

    不僅是很實用的做法,也十分

  • very attractive.

    美觀

  • And then there's this.

    然後這裡

  • This is the Great Hall of the Markets of Trajan in Rome,

    是羅馬的圖拉真市集大廳

  • a kind of bazaar, which also has a series of

    類似市集的空間,裡面也有一整排的商店

  • shops and also attic windows, as you can see, above.

    和閣樓高窗,如你所見,就在上面那裡

  • But then the particular marvel of this space is--look what

    但特別精彩的是上面那裡

  • they've done above.

    看看它們的工法

  • They have taken, using concrete once again--and

    又採用了混凝土

  • this gives you some sense of the miracle of Roman concrete.

    讓你瞭解到古羅馬混凝土的驚人之處

  • Using concrete, they have created a new kind of

    他們利用混凝土發明出建造「拱」的新工法

  • vault, which we call the groin vault,

    也就是我們所說的「交叉拱頂」

  • vault, which is a ribbed vault,

    是有「肋拱」的拱

  • and you can see the ribs very clearly here.

    在這裡可以清楚看到肋圈

  • And they have lifted that ribbed vault on top of piers

    他們把肋拱抬起,放在支柱的上面

  • that have been attenuated, narrowed to the point,

    (肋拱) 變得纖細,縮到支點上

  • in a very sophisticated way, much more than was true up to

    十分精巧的手法

  • up to this moment.

    跟現在相比完全不遜色

  • So they have been able to lift those groin vaults in a way that

    所以才能把交叉拱頂抬起來,

  • always reminds me-- it's as if you went and opened

    這種方式讓我聯想到,就像是在這個空間裡

  • a series of umbrellas over a space,

    撐開一排排的雨傘

  • lifted the space up in a truly miraculous way.

    巧妙地撐起這個神奇的空間

  • And as an example again of the fact that the Romans--there's

    此案例再次說明了古羅馬人

  • nothing the Romans didn't do or didn't invent.

    沒有任何東西是古羅馬人沒做過、沒發明出來的

  • Here you see the well-known marketplace in San Francisco,

    這是廣為人知的市場空間,位於舊金山(註:渡輪大廈市場)

  • where you see essentially the same idea;

    這裡看到的是同樣的理念

  • a series of shops down below and then this magnificently

    下方有一整排商店

  • lifted ceiling above.

    而被抬高的天花板十分壯觀

  • So Roman architecture, as I said in the very

    古羅馬建築,正如我一開始說過的

  • beginning, really had a huge impact on later architecture.

    對後來的建築有深遠影響

  • The Markets of Trajan were part of the forum complex,

    圖拉真市集是廣場綜合設施的一部分

  • the Forum of Trajan, which you see part of here.

    照片裡是圖拉真廣場的一部分

  • The forum itself was really quite conventional.

    市政廣場本身的設計十分符合傳統

  • This is an interesting building because we have a fairly

    但這棟建築物的有趣之處是因為

  • traditional approach to the forum itself,

    它座落於傳統手法設計的廣場

  • and then an innovative approach to the markets.

    然而市集的設計是創新手法

  • This is a restored view of the basilica or law court of the

    這是圖拉真廣場的巴西利卡

  • Forum of Trajan.

    或法院的復原圖,

  • You see that it's very traditional, with columns and

    你可以看到非常典型的柱子

  • marble and a flat ceiling with coffers.

    和大理石,以及鑲了線腳樣式的平頂天花

  • And that's what most of the forum looks like.

    以上是廣場大致上的樣貌

  • The markets are done in a very different style,

    這個市集的設計

  • as we saw.

    非常特別

  • And this particular forum was not only a meeting and a

    而這個特別的廣場,不只是會面和市集的場所

  • marketplace, or a place where cases could be

    也不只是一些建築空間的實驗場

  • tried, but was also a monument in stone to

    它還是紀念性建築,紀載了

  • stone to the military victories of Trajan.

    圖拉真的戰功

  • Trajan was the emperor who extended the borders of the

    圖拉真皇帝將帝國的疆域

  • empire to their furthest reaches,

    擴張至最大

  • and the monument is a testament to what his accomplishments were

    這個紀念廣場是

  • militarily.

    軍事成就的證明

  • And the famous Column of Trajan, which still stands and

    這是著名的圖拉真柱,仍然佇立

  • is in magnificent condition, as you can see here,

    並且如你所見,保存狀況良好

  • is a monument that is wrapped with a spiral frieze that

    上面覆蓋著說明用的螺旋飾帶

  • purports to describe, from bottom to top,

    從下到上

  • all of the exploits, all of the military exploits of

    描述了圖拉真所有功績

  • Trajan's two military campaigns in Dacia.

    在達基亞兩場戰役中的功績

  • It also served as the emperor's tomb.

    它也做為帝王的墳墓

  • There was a burial chamber down below for urns of Trajan and his

    底下有墓室,放置圖拉真以及

  • wife Plotina.

    他的妻子普羅蒂娜的骨骸

  • So it served not only as a commemoration of his military

    因此,圖拉真柱不只為了紀念

  • victory over Dacia-- which by the way is modern

    達基亞戰爭的勝利

  • Romania today-- but also to victory over death

    對了,達基亞位在今天的羅馬尼亞

  • for the emperor.

    圖拉真柱也榮耀了死去的帝王

  • Every Roman city had its bath buildings.

    每一個古羅馬城市都有自己的浴場

  • Most of the houses did not have running water,

    由於大多數住宅都沒有自來水

  • so baths were extremely important, obviously.

    所以浴場當然很重要

  • So most of these had more than one, and in fact most cities,

    這些城市大多有不止一個浴場,事實上大部分城市

  • Pompeii, for example, seems to have had about three

    舉例來說,龐貝城

  • bath buildings.

    可能有三個浴場

  • They're very important, both in terms of their social,

    就社交這方面而言它們都很重要

  • their practical needs, and also as a place for social

    浴場除了實際用途外,也是社交活動的場所

  • interaction, but also because there are some

    也因為浴場空間裡

  • very interesting architectural experiments that took place in

    有些非常有趣的建築實驗

  • them.

    發生

  • I'm going to show you in the course of this semester the

    在這學期我會讓你們看

  • development from the simplest bath buildings,

    浴場的發展,從形式最基本的

  • such as the ones in Pompeii, to the most elaborate.

    例如龐貝城的浴場,到最複雜的-

  • Those of you who've visited the Baths of Caracalla in Rome --

    你們有人去過羅馬卡拉卡拉浴場吧

  • that's an example of one of the huge and most elaborate bath

    那就是大型、縝密複雜的浴場

  • buildings.

    案例之一

  • I show you here on the left-hand side of the screen,

    螢幕上左手邊的案例是

  • just as an example, a view of one of the rooms of

    龐貝公共浴場裡其中一間房間

  • the Forum Baths in Pompeii, the caldarium or warm

    稱為caldarium或

  • room.

    熱水浴室

  • All of these baths had multiple spaces within them.

    所有的浴場裡都有很多空間

  • One of the distinctions of the earlier baths was that the men's

    早期的浴場有

  • sections and the women's sections were separate from one

    男浴池和女浴的區別

  • another.

    兩者彼此分開

  • And I hate to say it, but the men had all the great

    我討厭這麼說,但男士們擁有全部的

  • rooms.

    好房間

  • They were bigger and they were more ornately decorated,

    比較大,有比較多華麗的裝飾

  • as this one is -- the warm room of the men's baths at Pompeii.

    就像圖上這個,這是龐貝浴場男浴池裡的熱水浴室

  • But you can see here, even in much smaller scale than

    但你可以看到這裡,即使規模比

  • a building like the Pantheon, and much earlier than the

    萬神殿那樣的建築物小得多,也比萬神殿還要早完工

  • Pantheon, they're beginning to explore

    但他們已開始研究

  • the curvatures of the wall, the semi-dome there,

    牆的曲度、半圓頂

  • and the way in which you can create light effects by putting

    和採光設計

  • holes or what's called an oculus,

    藉由屋頂天窗,oculus (註:拉丁文眼睛之意)

  • a round hole, in part of the ceiling,

    在屋頂上面的圓形開洞

  • and other rectangular holes in the ceiling to create fantastic

    以及屋頂上其它方形開口,創造令人驚豔的

  • light effects.

    光影效果

  • So they're already exploring that here in Pompeii.

    因此,在龐貝時期已經開始探索這些設計手法

  • When we look at some of the larger bathing establishments,

    看看這些大型浴場設施

  • the Baths of Caracalla still look--well they're essentially a

    卡拉卡拉浴場其實就

  • pile of concrete faced with brick today,

    只是一堆混凝土與磚造飾面

  • as any of you who've seen it know.

    就像你們有些人看過的那樣

  • But the scale is truly colossal, and one is very

    但規模非常巨大,無論是誰

  • impressed when one wanders around the Baths of Caracalla.

    去卡拉卡拉浴場參觀都會感到印象深刻

  • But some of the others, for example,

    不過,還有其他案例

  • the Baths of Diocletian have been reused in modern times,

    戴克里先浴場的空間曾被後人重複利用

  • and it's one of the reasons that so many Roman buildings

    很多古羅馬建築能保存下來的原因之一

  • survive is because of this kind of reuse over the centuries.

    正是因為好幾世紀以來的空間再利用

  • This, the Baths of Diocletian, part of which was transformed

    戴克里先浴場,有部分被改造成教堂

  • into a church, at first, was decorated at one

    改建一開始的時候

  • point in part by Michelangelo.

    有一部分是米開朗基羅所裝飾設計的

  • And what we're looking at here, the Church of Santa Maria degli

    這裡看到的是「天使與殉教者聖母大殿」

  • Angeli, Saint Mary of the Angels,

    也叫做「天使的聖瑪麗亞教堂」

  • what we're looking at here is a view into what was the cold

    在這裡看到的是戴克里先浴場的冷水浴室

  • room, or the frigidarium of

    或稱為frigidarium,

  • the Baths of Diocletian, but transformed into a church,

    被改造成教堂使用

  • used as nave of the church of Saint Mary of the Angels.

    變成「天使的聖瑪麗亞教堂」的中殿

  • But if you look very closely, you'll see those same cross or

    如果仔細看,會看到

  • groin vaults that we saw in the Markets of Trajan,

    我們在圖拉真市集看過的交叉拱頂,

  • that are also used here to lift the ceiling in a very effective

    一樣的手法也用在這裡,有效率地把屋頂舉起來

  • way, and then all these

    然後,你看到的所有

  • multi-colored columns that you see are actually the columns

    彩色柱子都是原來的古建築就有

  • from the ancient building.

    留用到現在的

  • So even in this interior of Santa Maria degli Angeli,

    因此,即使在天使與殉教者聖母大殿

  • we can get a sense of how ornate some of the decorations

    我們還是可以從中看出,浴場的裝飾

  • of some of these bath buildings were.

    多麼華美

  • We're going to look at Roman theaters this semester.

    我們這學期會看到古羅馬的劇場

  • This is an example of one, the spectacular Roman theater

    這個案例是壯觀的古羅馬劇場其中一個

  • at Orange in the south of France.

    在法國南部的奧朗日

  • You see it here.

    看這裡

  • I'm not going to go into the parts of a theater or its

    我沒有要談劇場的每個部位

  • relationship to earlier Greek theatrical architecture.

    或古羅馬劇場和早期希臘劇場建築的關係

  • But you can see the stair, you can see the seats,

    但你可以看一下階梯,觀眾席

  • you can see the orchestra.

    樂隊席

  • You can see the stage building, a stage building that initially

    和舞台空間,舞台空間原本

  • was decorated with a forest of columns,

    裝飾著林立的柱列

  • only a couple of which survive, as well as a lot of sculptural

    只有幾根保存下來,雕刻和裝飾也一樣

  • decoration, again most of which does not

    大多數並沒有

  • survive.

    保存下來

  • But one of the points I want to make today is that the Greeks

    這是我今天要說的重點之一

  • tended to build--the Greeks always built their theaters on

    希臘人總是把劇場蓋在

  • hillsides.

    山丘上

  • They used the natural hill to support the seats.

    他們利用山丘自然的地勢來托住觀眾席

  • And that's true at Orange as well.

    奧朗日的劇場也的確用了這個手法

  • But the Romans were not content to build their theaters only on

    但是,古羅馬人不滿足於只依賴山勢來建造

  • hillsides.

    劇場

  • They wanted to build their theaters where they wanted to

    他們想要自己決定建造劇場的地點

  • build their theaters, and if they wanted to build a

    如果他們想在羅馬的市中心蓋劇場

  • theater in downtown Rome, they wanted to build a theater

    他們就要把劇場蓋在

  • in downtown Rome.

    羅馬市中心

  • So what they did was that they used concrete again to build a

    他們的做法是,利用混凝土蓋出一座山丘

  • hill, upon which they could support those same seats.

    藉此他們可以蓋出一樣的觀眾席

  • And that's again an innovation that we'll talk about.

    再強調一次我們剛才談過的革新技術

  • This is the Theater of Marcellus in Rome,

    這是羅馬的「馬切羅劇場」

  • the earliest surviving stone theater in Rome that dates to

    羅馬現存最早的石造劇場,可以追溯至

  • the Age of Augustus.

    奧古斯都的年代

  • But I show it to you again, just to show you the wonders of

    這張照片只是要讓你們看

  • Google Earth.

    Google 地球的好處

  • I've looked at this building a zillion times.

    我去看這棟建築物成千上萬次

  • I've wandered around it.

    在它旁邊閒逛

  • Most of the ancient part is over on this side,

    最古老的部分是在這一側在

  • and I'll show that to you in another lecture.

    其它課堂裡我會再講解

  • But over time this is one of those buildings that was

    這是隨著時間被改造成

  • transformed into all sorts of things, most recently into a

    各種用途的其中一棟建築物,最近一次是改成

  • fabulous condominium.

    很棒的公寓

  • But as you wander around it today, you get a sense of some

    你如果今天到附近去看,會看出其中一些

  • of the high-rise apartments that have been added to the original

    高層公寓是在原有的劇場建築上面

  • theater.

    另外增建的

  • But you can't get a full sense of it unless you go up above it.

    但你無法看到全貌,除非從空照角度來看

  • And so here's where again Google Earth is so helpful,

    所以,再次強調,Google 地球幫助很大

  • because we can look down on the entire complex,

    因為我們可以俯瞰整個空間複合體

  • see the gardens, see some of the apartments,

    看到花園、一部分公寓

  • see the circular driveway and so on and so forth,

    環形車道等等

  • which gives us information that it wouldn't be possible to glean

    能帶給我們在其它地方收集

  • anywhere else.

    不到的資訊

  • And here is--if you let that transformation from modern Rome

    另外這張,如果在Google地球上把現代的羅馬

  • to ancient Rome take place on Google Earth,

    轉變成古羅馬

  • this is what you're going to get for that same Theater of

    這就是你會看到的

  • Marcellus.

    馬切羅劇場

  • We just saw it and what it looks like today on Google

    我們剛剛在Google地球上看過它現在

  • Earth.

    的樣子

  • Here's what it looks like when you let it transform completely

    這個是你將馬切羅劇場的全貌,

  • into the Theater of Marcellus from ancient times.

    回溯到古時候的樣子

  • The Colosseum, the very icon of Rome.

    羅馬競技場,很能夠代表羅馬的標誌

  • No Roman city was without its amphitheater,

    每個古羅馬城市都有自己的圓形劇場

  • its place for gladiatorial and animal combat,

    做為競技和鬥獸的場所

  • and Rome was no exception.

    羅馬當然也不例外

  • The most famous surviving Roman amphitheater is the Colosseum.

    現存最有名的古羅馬圓形劇場就是羅馬競技場

  • I show it to you here from the inside,

    比起外觀,我想一開始先讓你

  • rather than the outside initially, because I can--

    們看內部空間

  • it allows me to illustrate the places where the animals were

    因為可以先談哪裡是圈禁動物的地下空間

  • kept down below, but also to show you that that

    也讓你們知道一下這個建築物

  • building has been used as a quarry.

    曾經被當成採石場

  • It was used by the popes and the princes of later Italy as a

    它曾被教宗和後來的義大利王公貴族當成

  • stone quarry.

    採石場

  • They would take essentially--well they stripped

    他們主要拆除、帶走的是

  • it of all its interior marble, to use that in a variety of

    空間內部的大理石,用在羅馬各種的

  • buildings in Rome, and some of those we know their

    其他建築物上,其中有一些我們

  • identification even today.

    今天仍然辨認得出來

  • Here's a view of one of the corridors where you can see once

    這是其中一座走廊,再次看到

  • again those groin vaults or ribbed vaults that the Romans

    在古羅馬非常

  • popularized.

    流行的交叉拱頂,或肋拱

  • Connecting all these cities with one another were the

    把這些城市聯繫起來的就是

  • streets of the city.

    城市的街道

  • We'll look at streets, especially in Pompeii,

    我們來看街道,尤其是龐貝

  • where they are extremely well preserved,

    這裡的街道保存完好

  • and these streets look very modern--

    而且看起來非常現代化

  • you see the polygonal stones--but very modern in the

    可以看到多邊形石塊-

  • use of the sidewalks.

    非常現代化的人行道做法

  • The sidewalks; there are drains as well along

    排水溝渠

  • the sidewalks.

    沿著人行道

  • And then you can see these very deep rut marks where the wheels

    而且你可以看到很深的車轍痕跡

  • of the carts used to--over time obviously they made these ruts

    車輪經年累月在

  • in the pavement.

    路面行走而形成的

  • And then over here a small fountain, a fountain blessed by

    這裡是小噴泉,被荷米斯(註:希臘神祇名)或

  • Hermes or Mercury.

    墨丘利 (註:羅馬神話中相對應的名字) 守護著

  • You can see him there with his wings and his caduceus.

    可以看到他有著翅膀和權杖

  • A small fountain, important obviously again

    只是一座小噴泉,但很重要

  • because most of the houses did not have running water,

    因為大部分家庭沒有自來水

  • and there had to be a place that you could go to collect

    需要一個地方取水

  • water for household use.

    供家庭使用

  • One of the great things about Pompeii, of course,

    龐貝城最棒的一件事,當然了

  • is it gives us a sense of what life was like in ancient Roman

    讓我們透過龐貝城來了解古羅馬的生活

  • times, daily life was like.

    日常生活的風貌

  • And we'll look at millstones that are part of bakeries,

    我們看到這是磨石,屬於麵包店的一部分

  • as well as ovens that look--again, the Romans invented

    也有烤爐(窯),再強調一下,古羅馬人發明所有東西了

  • everything-- look very much like a modern

    這個看起來和現代的

  • pizza oven.

    披薩窯十分相似

  • You go over to BAR, you'll see one of those.

    你們去BAR (註:耶魯附近一家披薩店)就可以看到這種烤爐

  • Over here, wine shops; we have lots of wine shops in

    這是賣酒的地方

  • these Roman cities, and they're particularly well

    在古羅馬的城市裡有很多買酒的商店

  • preserved in Herculaneum and in Pompeii,

    在龐貝城和赫庫蘭尼姆古城,很多商店遺跡保存得格外完整

  • with these clay amphorae that were used to hold wines,

    這些用來裝酒的雙耳細頸陶器

  • that were brought to Italy, and also sometimes oils,

    有一些是油罐

  • that were brought to Italy from different parts of the world.

    從世界各地不同地方被帶到義大利

  • Every Roman city had its McDonald's, or its Wendy's,

    每一個古羅馬城市都自己的麥當勞、溫蒂漢堡

  • or its Burger King, and I show one of those to you

    或漢堡王,照片上是其中

  • here.

    一間

  • It's called a thermopolium,

    這個是thermopolium

  • as you can see down below; thermopolium.

    如同你在這邊所看到的thermopolium

  • A thermopolium was essentially--what it was made up

    基本上是一整組的櫃台

  • of is a--it is a series of--a counter, with a series of

    而上面有一個個

  • recesses.

    凹槽

  • And each day those who ran this thermopolium put

    每天經營這間thermopolium的人

  • different food in there, and so when you got

    都會把不同的食物放在上面,所以當你餓了

  • hungry--again, the whole sort of fast food

    和速食店的概念差不多

  • idea-- you just walk by,

    你只需要經過這裡

  • like in a cafeteria, point out what you wanted.

    像在自助餐館那樣,指出你想要的

  • They'd serve it to you and you'd be on your way.

    他們會為你送上,你就可以離開了

  • So very much fast food--so we see lots of them in Pompeii and

    幾乎就是速食店,這樣的地方在龐貝城和

  • Herculaneum.

    赫庫蘭尼姆古城有很多

  • We'll look at Roman houses.

    我們會看到古羅馬的住宅

  • This is one example, the House of the Vettii in

    這是其中一個案例,在龐貝的維提之家

  • Pompeii, spectacularly preserved house,

    保存狀態驚人地完好的住宅

  • where we can see a pool that was actually used for collecting

    你可以看到水池,用來收集雨水

  • water, a hole in the ceiling,

    洞在屋頂上

  • but a view from the atrium of the house into the garden.

    從房屋的中庭看過去是花園景觀

  • The garden over here, you get a sense of it -- the

    這是花園,可以大致上了解它

  • greenery, the marble furniture, the fountains,

    綠意盎然、大理石家具、噴泉,

  • and then the paintings on the walls.

    還有牆上的壁畫

  • I mentioned at the beginning we'll spend a fair amount of

    一開始先聲明,我在這部份會花不少時間

  • time -- we'll spend a few lectures on Roman painting.

    我們會花幾堂課在羅馬的繪畫藝術

  • And the reason that I do that is because it's absolutely

    因為這些作品毫無疑問地

  • gorgeous and it's fascinating.

    非常傑出而且引人入勝

  • But it also allows us to get a better understanding of interior

    而且,也能讓我們更了解

  • decoration among the Romans, how they decorated their walls.

    古羅馬的室內裝飾,他們如何裝飾牆面

  • But also, because as you can see from this one example,

    還有,就像你在這張畫裡看到的例子

  • from Boscoreale, now in the Metropolitan Museum,

    來自Boscoreale,現在典藏於紐約大都會博物館的(復原版)

  • the famous Met Cubiculum,

    著名的作品Met Cubiculum (註:小房間之意)

  • which is decorated with Second Style Roman wall painting,

    裝飾著古羅馬「第二風格」的壁畫

  • that these paintings often depict buildings.

    這些繪畫通常都描繪了建築物

  • They are architectural paintings, and they are very

    是建築繪畫

  • important in that regard because we see --

    之所以很重要是因為

  • we often see -- experimentation in painting before we see it in architecture.

    我們常會在畫中看一些實驗性的空間

  • And so there are going to be some things,

    後來運用在實際的建築物上

  • for example, this broken triangular

    舉個例子,這個有破口的三角形山牆

  • pediment, that we're going to see first

    我們先在繪畫中看到

  • in painting and then in built architecture.

    之後被真的蓋出來了

  • So painting -- extremely important for us.

    所以,繪畫對我們來說非常重要

  • We'll also go to the city of Ostia,

    我們也會到奧斯提亞這個城市(註:Ostia Antica)

  • the port of Rome, which is a city very different

    羅馬的港灣,和龐貝很不一樣的城市

  • from Pompeii because it is essentially a second-century

    因為它其實是第二世紀的城市

  • Roman city, rather than a first-century

    而不是一世紀的

  • Roman city.

    古羅馬城市

  • The construction technique is concrete, faced with brick.

    工程技術是混凝土,外面以磚飾面

  • I show you one example of that.

    舉例給你們看

  • But what's most interesting about the houses in Ostia has to

    在奧斯提亞這樣的城市裡

  • do with the kind of city it was -- again, the port of Rome,

    身為羅馬的港口城、商業

  • a commercial city.

    之都

  • It was very congested.

    它十分擁擠

  • People were not as wealthy as those in the resort town of

    人們可不像龐貝那麼富裕

  • Pompeii, and consequently they

    因此,

  • needed--people didn't have single-story houses,

    這裡的人們住不起像龐貝城那種單棟住宅

  • like the one in Pompeii that I just showed you before --

    我剛剛才給你們看過的那種

  • but rather apartment houses with multi-stories;

    這裡的人住在多層樓公寓

  • a kind of condominium idea.

    是一種共同產權的概念

  • And these are fascinating in their difference from those in

    這些和龐貝城的差異之處很吸引人

  • Pompeii, and that's a difference that we will surely explore.

    當然了我們會探討這些差異

  • The very well-to-do lived in--the very well-to-do had

    這是非常富裕的住所,有錢人家的

  • villas.

    別墅

  • The emperors had villas all along what is now the Amalfi

    沿著現在的阿瑪菲海岸有很多羅馬帝國時

  • Coast.

    期的別墅

  • Capri, the island of Capri.

    在卡布里島

  • The emperor Augustus and Tiberius had twelve villas on

    奧古斯都和提貝里烏斯這兩位皇帝在

  • the Island of Capri.

    卡布里島有12棟別墅

  • The most extraordinary villa, Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli,

    最傑出的別墅是位於提沃利的哈德良別墅

  • which I show you here from the air.

    這裡看到的是空照

  • A kind of microcosm of the empire at that particular time,

    就像是帝國當時的縮影

  • with extraordinary buildings, with pools,

    出色的建築群,水池

  • decorated with sculpture that show the eclectic taste of the

    裝飾著雕塑,顯示了哈德良皇帝折衷主義的品味

  • emperor who liked things Roman, liked things Greek,

    他喜歡古羅馬、希臘和埃及的東西

  • liked things Egyptian, and statues of--he was married,

    還有雕像裡的人,哈德良皇帝已婚

  • but he also had a beloved young boy whom he met in Bithynia.

    但他和一個美貌的青年安提諾烏斯在Bithynia相遇

  • Antinous, the famous Antinous that he met in Bithynia and who

    安提諾烏斯很有名,他們在Bithynia相遇之後,成為皇帝

  • became the love of his life.

    一輩子的情人

  • And when Antinous died he created all kinds of shrines for

    安提諾烏斯死後,哈德良皇帝為安提諾烏斯建造了

  • Antinous.

    各式各樣的神廟

  • This is very important architecturally because all

    都有建築上的重要性

  • these are interesting shrines.

    因為這些神廟都很有趣

  • But in each of those shrines he created statues of Antinous,

    他在每一個神廟裡都做了安提諾烏斯的雕像,

  • and this is one showing Antinous as an Egyptian pharaoh,

    這個雕像把安提諾烏斯塑造成埃及法老王的樣子

  • which was perfect for this particular locale because it was

    放在這個特別的地方非常合適

  • meant to conjure up a canal in Egypt.

    因為這裡設計意圖,就是要讓人想起埃及運河

  • We're going to look at tomb architecture--

    我們來看看墓園建築

  • I want to show you this very quickly--

    我想讓你們很快的看一下

  • but we're going to look at a lot of tomb architecture,

    我們以後還會看很多墓園建築

  • because tomb architecture is particularly interesting,

    墓園建築格外有趣

  • because the only practical consideration for a tomb,

    因為墓園唯一的實用考量

  • is that it had to house the remains of the deceased,

    只需要有空間放置死者

  • that's it.

    就這樣而已

  • So you could be very whimsical and personal about the kind of

    所以你可以異想天開,很個人化地

  • tomb you wanted to be buried in.

    按照個人喜好被埋葬

  • This is a series at Pompeii, but we're going to look at

    這些都在龐貝,我們要來看看

  • those of the emperor Augustus who was buried in a mausoleum

    奧古斯都皇帝的墳墓,他的陵墓

  • that went back to those of the earlier Etruscans,

    可以追溯到早期的伊特拉斯坎國王們

  • kings, who ruled Rome before the emperors did,

    他們是羅馬帝國之前的羅馬統治者

  • and he built a round tomb with an earthen mound,

    奧古斯都建造圓形土塚的陵墓

  • very similar to that of the Etruscans.

    和伊特拉斯坎人的十分相似

  • Hadrian, the famous emperor Hadrian,

    著名的哈德良皇帝

  • was also buried in a round tomb, at the well-known Castel

    也埋葬在圓形的墳墓,也就是著名的聖天使堡

  • Sant' Angelo, in Rome today,

    位於現在的羅馬

  • with its beautiful Bernini bridge,

    周圍有聖天使橋 (又名哈德良橋)

  • the angels, Bernini's angels on the bridge --

    橋上放置貝尼尼的天使像

  • also a round tomb.

    聖天使堡也是圓形的墳墓

  • In its current form, transformed into a fortress,

    現在變成了堡壘

  • it was used by the popes when they needed to hide out during

    當教宗遇到麻煩的時候,曾用來當作

  • times of trouble.

    藏身之處

  • Very whimsical tombs, including this pyramid of a man

    十分奇特的墳墓還包括這個金字塔型的墳墓

  • by the name of Cestius, and he built this tomb during a

    塞斯提伍的墓,他建造這個陵墓的時候

  • time of-- when a wave of things Egyptian

    一陣埃及的流行正席捲羅馬

  • came into Rome, at the time that Augustus

    那時候奧古斯都皇帝擊敗了

  • defeated Cleopatra and Antony.

    克麗奧佩托拉與安東尼

  • And then even these communal tombs, communal burial places

    當然還有這些公共的墓園,公共的墓葬空間

  • for the less well-to-do, where their remains were placed

    是給比較不富裕的人使用,這裡的遺體放在

  • in urns.

    骨灰甕裡

  • We'll also look at tombs in other parts of the Roman world.

    我們還會介紹古羅馬其它地區的墳墓

  • This is a famous tomb, a rock-cut tomb in Petra,

    這個是有名的墳墓,在佩特拉的石窟墓穴

  • in what is now Jordan.

    位於現在的約旦

  • And you can see that the tomb is essentially the rock;

    你們可以看到這個墳墓主要都是石造

  • in fact, the burial chamber is inside the rock and the

    事實上,墓室都在岩石裡

  • façade has been carved out of the rock.

    立面用岩石雕刻而成

  • We're going to talk about aqueducts in the course of the

    這學期我們會介紹水道橋

  • semester; just fleetingly show you two,

    很快地讓你們看兩個案例

  • the ways in which the Romans brought--

    古羅馬在他們所征服的地方

  • for those they conquered, they provided amenities,

    提供便利的設施

  • including water, that was brought from a great

    其中也包括供水系統,從很遠的地方

  • distance.

    引水過來

  • This is the famous Pont du Gard atmes.

    這是著名的加爾橋,位於尼姆(註:法國加爾省)

  • And this is the one I showed you before on Google Earth,

    我之前在Google地球上讓你們看過這張照片

  • the fabulous aqueduct at Segovia that marches its way

    位於塞哥維亞,很棒的水道橋

  • through the city.

    列隊行經整個城市

  • I have just a couple of minutes, and I basically wanted

    我只剩幾分鐘

  • to close just making two very quick points about the

    我的結語基本上只會很快的提出兩個要點

  • difference between traditional Roman architecture and

    有關傳統的古羅馬建築和革新的古羅馬建築

  • innovative Roman architecture.

    兩者之間的差異

  • I'm not going to go into that in any detail here.

    我先不談任何細節

  • It's going to be the topic of one of our lectures very soon.

    很快地這個主題就會是我們的課堂主軸了

  • But this transformation from temples that are based on Greek

    這個轉變來自古希臘神殿和伊特拉斯坎建築原型

  • and Etruscan prototypes, like that one here,

    像這樣

  • to something like the Pantheon.

    轉變成萬神殿

  • I also want to mention from the start that unlike other courses

    我也想在一開始先提出這堂課和其他建築課程的不同之處

  • in architecture where you may have been studying Frank Lloyd

    也許在其它課堂上會講法蘭克•洛伊•萊特或

  • Wright or Borromini, Francesco Borromini,

    弗朗切斯科•博羅米尼(註:巴洛克建築代表)

  • or Frank Gehry, we have very few names of

    或法蘭克•蓋瑞,但我們這堂課裡很少建築師的名字

  • architects preserved from Roman times,

    從古羅馬流傳至今的

  • because it was the patron who was all,

    因為出資者就是一切

  • not the architect, and I'll explain that in a

    而非建築師,原因我會在

  • future lecture.

    以後的課堂裡解釋

  • But we have some, and we'll talk about them when

    不過我們還是有一些建築師

  • we do.

    到時候會介紹

  • We will also see--and I just want to end up where I began,

    我想用一開場強調過的重點來做結尾

  • which is to say again that Roman architecture had a huge

    古羅馬建築對於

  • impact on architecture of post-classical times.

    後古典時期有巨大的影響

  • The Roman basilica became the Christian church.

    古羅馬的巴西利卡變成教堂

  • The round tomb of Rome became the round church in the early

    羅馬的圓形陵墓變成了

  • Medieval and Byzantine periods.

    中世紀早期和拜占庭時期圓形教堂

  • Tombs like the one in Jordan, that I showed you just before,

    墓穴建築,例如位於約旦的這座,我們剛剛才看過的

  • which form what I call kind of a baroque phase of Roman

    也就是我稱之為古羅馬巴洛克階段的建築

  • architecture, were the models for

    是十七世紀的羅馬

  • seventeenth-century Baroque architecture in Rome,

    巴洛克建築典型

  • for example, Borromini's San Carlino.

    舉例來說,博羅米尼的聖卡羅教堂

  • The Pantheon had--you all know what this is,

    而萬神殿呢,如你們所知的

  • UVA.

    UVA (註:維吉尼亞大學)

  • The Pantheon had a huge impact.

    就受到萬神殿很大的影響

  • There are many 'Pantheons' everywhere, including in this

    到處都有萬神殿

  • country banks and the like.

    包括這個銀行,和一些類似機關的建築

  • Thomas Jefferson looked to the Pantheon to design his rotunda

    湯瑪斯•傑佛遜參照萬神殿設計了

  • at the University of Virginia, and the lawn that lay beyond.

    維吉尼亞大學的圓形禮堂,和一片草坪

  • But for us, in this classroom, at this particular time,

    但是對我們來說,特別是在這裡的這堂課

  • the most important impact, as far as I'm concerned,

    就我認為,古羅馬對較現代的建築

  • of Roman architecture on more modern architecture has to do

    最重要的影響

  • with the amphitheater at Pompeii,

    是龐貝的圓形劇場

  • which you see here; my favorite amphitheater.

    你現在看到的是我最喜歡的圓形劇場

  • The Colosseum is more famous.

    競技場比較有名

  • The amphitheater at Pompeii is earlier in date.

    但龐貝的半圓形劇場時間比較早

  • And what's significant for us, in this classroom,

    對我們這堂課來說,特別在這個時間點

  • at this particular time, is that the amphitheater at

    更重要的是龐貝的半圓形劇場

  • Pompeii-- and I kid you not--is the model

    沒開玩笑,我們的圓形劇場參考了

  • for our own amphitheater, and that is the Yale Bowl -- it

    這個模型,這是耶魯體育場

  • is the model.

    而另一張就是參考模型

  • This is the building--and you see it here from the air,

    這是我們的體育場,然後你再看這張

  • the amphitheater in Pompeii--on which the Yale Bowl was based.

    龐貝圓形劇場的空照圖,這就是耶魯體育場的參考對象

  • So again, the Romans have clearly had a huge impact on

    所以,再次強調,古羅馬顯然地為世界各地建築帶來

  • architecture worldwide; on our own architecture.

    巨大影響,影響我們校園的建築

  • And we think we live on a Gothic campus,

    我認為我們身在哥德式的校園

  • but I'll show you, in the course of this semester,

    但我會在這學期的課堂上告訴你們

  • how many Roman buildings there are.

    這裡有多少建築有古羅馬的影子

  • In fact, we had a post--and just to get you inspired--

    實際上,我們有一個刊物,希望能鼓勵你們

  • we had a post in an earlier year in which people went around

    前幾年我們有一個刊物,讓大家逛逛校園、

  • the campus to take pictures and then post them online of

    拍照,然後在網路上張貼一些

  • buildings that they thought were influenced by those of the Roman

    他們認為受到了古羅馬影響的

  • past.

    建築物照片

  • At any rate, that's it for today.

    無論如何,今天到此為止

  • Great to see you, meet you all.

    很高興看到大家

  • If any of you have any questions at all,

    如果大家有什麼問題

  • I'm happy to answer them, as are the teaching fellows.

Welcome to Roman Architecture.

歡迎來到羅馬建築這堂課

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