Collective narcissism describes a psychological tendency for groups to have an inflated sense of their own importance and superiority.

集體自戀描述的是群體對自身重要性和優越感膨脹的一種心理傾向。

On the one hand, some argue that collective narcissism can help a group maintain its morale and defend itself against external threats.

一方面，有人認為集體自戀可以幫助群體保持士氣，抵禦外部威脅。

In a national context, this can translate into patriotic pride and resilience.

在國家層面，這可以轉化為愛國自豪感和堅韌不拔的精神。

However, critics caution that collective narcissism often leads to defensive aggression, hypersensitivity to criticism, and support for authoritarian figures. The inflated self-image of the group may result in resistance to change and hostility toward those perceived as outsiders, which can hinder productive dialogue and cooperation between groups.

然而，批評者警告說，集體自戀往往會導致防禦性攻擊、對責備的過度敏感以及對獨裁人物的支持。群體自我形象的膨脹可能會導致對變革的抵制和對被視為局外人的敵意，從而阻礙群體間富有成效的對話與合作。

For example, collective narcissism has been observed in nationalist movements, where a country's citizens may hold an exaggerated belief in their nation's greatness.

例如，在民族主義運動中就出現過集體自戀的現象，一個國家的公民可能會誇大地相信自己國家的偉大。

This can lead to aggressive foreign policies, the rejection of international cooperation, and the marginalization of minority groups within the country. A government or leader might exploit this sentiment by framing any criticism of the nation, even constructive, as an attack that requires retaliation.

這可能會導致咄咄逼人的外交政策、拒絕國際合作以及國內少數群體的邊緣化。政府或領導人可能會利用這種情緒，把對國家的任何責備，哪怕是建設性的責備，都說成是需要報復的攻擊。

This defensive posture can prevent healthy introspection and prevent the group or nation from acknowledging mistakes or learning from the perspectives of others, ultimately leading to social tension or conflict.

這種防禦姿態會阻礙健康的檢討，使群體或國家無法承認錯誤或學習他人的觀點，最終導致社會緊張或衝突。