Let's talk about this.

In the US,

we basically have two choices in elections.

And... listen.

It's not going amazing.

“Government shutdown”

“Split Congress”

“Great divide”

“Cannot agree”

“Too polarized”

“Big majorities don't want either one of them running.”

Big majorities of us actually don't want the two-party system at all.

We want more options.

But a lot of the time,

we actually do have more options.

It's just that, when it comes time to vote for them,

we mostly don't.

We kind of can't.

In our system, voting for a third party

helps the party you least agree with.

It's just a protest vote.

But there's a way

we could make it more than that.

We just need to take a closer look at this.

New England.

The northeastern region of the US.

About 15 million people live here.

These six states send 21 Representatives to Congress.

And in the 2022 Congressional elections,

36% of voters here voted for Republicans.

But none of this region's 21 Representatives are Republicans.

It means that the perspective of the New England Republicans,

who have historically been fiscally conservative

and more socially progressive, is not reflected in Congress.

This is because of the way we elect Representatives to Congress,

where every Representative comes from a different district,

each district holds its own election,

and in each election,

the person who gets the most votes wins.

These are “winner take all” elections.

And they produce this result all over the country.

Take the state of Oklahoma.

Oklahoma has five Congressional districts.

It votes one third Democratic.

It has no Democratic Representatives.

And before we start blaming gerrymandering for this,

in other words, the shape of these districts,

in Massachusetts, which I admit does look kind of gerrymandered,

a group of independent mapmakers looked at this situation.

And they tried to draw new district maps

that would give Republicans some representation here.

But they found that, “though there are more ways of building

a districting plan than particles in the galaxy,

every single one would produce a 9-0 Democratic delegation.”

And now imagine if,

in every single House race, there was also a really popular

third party, getting 25% of the vote,

in every district in the country.

That party would earn...

zero seats in Congress.

If you ask yourself, why haven't you voted for a third party,

most of the time it’s, well, they don't really have a chance.

Our system, by its very nature, precludes political competition.

But most democracies

don't actually work this way.

In 2021,

a German center-right party called the Free Democratic Party

won about 90 seats in Germany's parliament.

German federal elections have about 300 constituencies

that work sort of like America's districts,

with each one electing a single representative.

And out of every one of those races,

the Free Democratic Party

did not win a single one.

But Germany uses a form of what is called

“proportional representation.”

Proportional representation means that a share of votes

gets you a share of seats.

These are four common types of proportional representation,

and one way to understand each of them is,

are you voting for a person, or are you voting for a party?

So at one end of that spectrum,

in a “closed list” system, like they use in Spain, for example,

you might not even vote for a candidate.

You’d just vote for a party.

Each party wins some percentage of the vote,

and those percentages each translate into a certain number of seats.

The people who fill those seats come off of each party's “list.”

So voters don't get to choose those candidates.

That's the “closed” part.

But there are also “open list” systems

which are maybe the most common, used in places like Finland,

Belgium, Denmark.

A standard version of this is, you vote for a person,

and your vote counts towards a larger party total

sort of like we saw before,

determining how many seats each party gets.

But in open list, you do choose the candidates.

The seats go to the people in each party who got the most votes.

Germany uses a system called “mixed-member proportional.”

Mixed, because in their system you cast two votes:

for a person, and for a party.

Each district elects one person,

and those people fill some of the seats in Parliament.

But the rest of the seats are filled by looking at the party vote,

and then doling the remaining seats out to the parties,

until the end product is proportional to the party vote.

And the last one we'll look at

is the one that Ireland uses to elect its legislature.

And this is actually a version of something

we're already starting to do

in some congressional and local races in the US.

“Ranked choice”

“ranked choice”

“ranked choice voting.”

In ranked choice voting, instead of just voting for one person,

you rank multiple candidates.

It's a system that encourages you to vote for smaller parties

and less established candidates,

because if your first choice is unpopular,

they use your second choice vote.

And that process repeats itself, until a certain threshold is reached.

On its own, though,

ranked choice voting doesn't necessarily

make these smaller candidates that much more likely to actually win.

They will be at a disadvantage in any election that only one person can win.

But: if you lower the threshold of victory in a ranked choice race,

that produces multiple winners,

more proportional to the vote.

All of these systems have different formulas

for turning votes into representation.

What they have in common is, they all distribute power proportionally,

instead of just relying on this.

Now, you'll notice we’ve spent the last few minutes

talking about Congress, and parliaments: legislatures.

Presidential elections

can definitely be made more fair, that is another video.

But they will always, by definition, be single-winner elections,

most likely to be won by the more established parties.

But if Congress is more representative and less polarized,

it could change the whole partisan dynamic around the presidency.

Right now, if the president wants to pass a law,

he or she, with rare exceptions, needs

both Democrats and Republican Party support.

But if there were three, or four, or five parties in Congress,

that would open up far more coalitional possibilities

and combinations to pass laws.

The key to making this happen will be taking these

single-winner elections that we use to elect Congress,

and replacing them with multi-winner elections that pick, say,

3 to 5 people to represent a district.

For example, Oklahoma, now five congressional districts,

could act as a single district,

holding an election that five people can win.

It would still mostly be represented by Republicans,

just not exclusively.

Another option is that we could keep many of our current districts,

and just make Congress bigger:

so, use each district to elect more Representatives.

But okay.

How do we actually do any of this?

Federal law currently says that no Congressional district

can elect more than one Representative.

So to make Congress more representative,

that is what will need to change.

But that change needs to be made by... Congress.

When the country is struggling to even agree on small things,

it can feel really unthinkable.

But then there are plenty of indicators that being a member of Congress

is pretty miserable these days.

Changing the system would let members

focus on the reasons they ran for Congress in the first place:

serving their community, making sure they get things done.

But there are other ways to change things too.

The states each choose how their own state legislatures get elected.

Cities choose how their city councils get elected.

And the hurdles to changing those are much, much lower.

The more experiments we can try,

the more different forms of proportional representation

we can implement in the United States,

I think the better, ultimately, our democracy will be.

This rule feels really simple.

But that simplicity,

it hides a lot of problems.

We are one of the oldest, if not the oldest, democracy in the world, right?

All these different other democracies, most of the world's democracies,

are using a system that's better.

We just need to update our system.

Thanks for watching.

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