Denying the antecedent is a logical fallacy  that occurs when, from a conditional statement,  

否定前件是一種邏輯謬誤，當人們從條件語句中

one incorrectly infers that if the antecedent  (the "if" part) is false, then the consequent  

錯誤地推斷出如果先行詞（“如果”部分）為假，則結果

(the "then" part) must also be false. This form  of reasoning is flawed because the consequent can  

（“所以”部分）也必定為假時，就會發生這種邏輯謬誤。這種形式的推理是有缺陷的，因為

still be true even if the antecedent is false. Everyday example:

即使前件是假的，結果仍然可能是真的。日常例子：

Someone said "If I study hard, I will  pass the exam. I didn't study hard,  

有人說“如果我努力學習，我就會通過考試。我不努力學習，

so I will not pass the exam." This reasoning is fallacious  

所以我不會通過考試。”這種推理是錯誤的

because there are other ways to pass the exam  besides studying hard, such as already knowing  

，因為除了努力學習之外，還有其他方法可以通過考試，例如已經了解

the material or making educated guesses. The absence of studying doesn't necessarily  

材料或做出有根據的猜測。不學習不一定

guarantee a failure; it just negates  one specific path to success. 

意味著失敗；它只是否定了一條特定的成功之路。

This example demonstrates the error  in concluding that the failure of the  

這個例子說明了錯誤的結論，即條件（努力學習）的失敗會

condition (studying hard) automatically leads to  the failure of the outcome (passing the exam).

自動導致結果（通過考試）的失敗。