able to observe the oceans, the atmosphere, changes in the land.

能夠觀察海洋、大氣、土地的變化。

We have amazing views of the global changes.

我們對全球變化有驚人的看法。

Traditionally, the goal has been to build satellites to last as long as possible, and

傳統上，目標是建造儘可能長的衛星，並且

to make sure they have all the technology to operate in the dangerous environment of

以確保他們擁有在危險的環境中運作的所有技術。

space.

空間。

Everything in space is going very fast.

太空中的一切都進展得非常快。

Astronauts who travel on the Space Station, they're traveling about 17,500 miles per hour.

在空間站旅行的太空人，他們的時速約為17,500英里。

Because everything in space is traveling so fast, even when small objects hit each other,

因為太空中的一切都在飛速運轉，即使是小物體相互撞擊時也是如此。

it means that they're likely to have a very dangerous collision.

這意味著他們很可能會發生非常危險的碰撞。

Very small objects have hit parts of the Space Station.

非常小的物體已經擊中了空間站的部分。

And even a very small fleck of paint, or a lens cap that was dropped off a satellite

甚至一個非常小的油漆斑點，或者一個從衛星上掉下來的鏡頭蓋，都可以。

can cause major damage, because everything's moving so quickly.

可能會造成重大損失，因為一切都在快速移動。

Now the challenge is, in just about 50 or 60 years, we've produced industrial waste

現在的挑戰是，在短短的50或60年裡，我們已經產生了工業廢物

in space.

在太空中。

Just a few countries have played a key role in both putting up these major satellites,

僅僅幾個國家就在這兩顆主要衛星上發揮了關鍵作用。

but also testing to see if they can destroy their own satellite in orbit.

但也在測試他們是否能摧毀自己的在軌衛星。

This created space debris.

這就產生了空間碎片。

Sustainability is about whether or not we create and manage waste.

可持續性是指我們是否創造和管理廢物。

One of the ideas we have to consider is what do we do with the satellite when it finishes

我們必須考慮的一個想法是，當衛星完成後，我們該如何處理它？

its life, its mission?

它的生命，它的使命？

The reality is, we have sustainability challenges on Earth and in space today, we need to look

現實是，我們今天在地球上和太空中都有可持續性的挑戰，我們需要關注

at them as a set of common related problems.

把它們作為一組共同的相關問題來看待。

We have to ask the question, will we respect the rights of people and the environment as

我們必須問一個問題，我們是否會尊重人和環境的權利，因為

we go forward in space?

我們在太空中前進？

When we launch satellites and rockets to space, we're often carrying really expensive goods

當我們向太空發射衛星和火箭時，我們經常攜帶非常昂貴的貨物

and systems, basically robots, that operate in space for maybe a decade or so.

和系統，基本上是機器人，在太空中運作可能有十年左右的時間。

And the goal has been, because launch has been so expensive, to try to not launch a

而目標一直是，因為發射一直是如此昂貴，試圖不發射一個

new thing until the old one is just replaced.

新的東西，直到舊的東西剛剛被取代。

Now, the challenge we have is to say what do you do with the old one?

現在，我們所面臨的挑戰是說，你該如何處理舊的。

Sometimes the satellites are low enough to the Earth that they can actually be brought

有時，衛星距離地球足夠低，以至於它們實際上可以被帶入地球。

back down safely, and they actually enter the atmosphere.

安全回落，而且它們實際上進入了大氣層。

They're going so fast, they burn up, and generally that's a safer way to destroy them.

它們的速度太快了，它們會燃燒起來，一般來說，這是一種更安全的銷燬方式。

But some satellites are operating pretty far away from the Earth.

但有些衛星在離地球相當遠的地方運行。

There's an area called the geostationary belt.

有一個區域叫地球靜止帶。

It's about 36,000 kilometers away from the surface of the Earth.

它距離地球表面約36,000公里。

We have a whole ring of old trash satellites that are operating just a little beyond this

我們有一整圈舊的垃圾衛星，它們的工作範圍就在這一帶。

very useful orbit.

非常有用的軌道。

And it's a concern because going forward, we don't know a way to destroy those or use

這是一個令人擔憂的問題，因為在未來，我們不知道有什麼方法可以銷燬這些東西或使用這些東西。

them safely.

他們的安全。

As you send up new missions, we are going to see more concerns about objects creating

當你發送新的任務時，我們將看到更多關於對象創建的關注。

the possibility of collisions, and they create debris that can be endangering other missions.

碰撞的可能性，而且它們產生的碎片可能會危及其他任務。

How do we make innovation, both in policy and technology, to make Earth and space more

我們如何在政策和技術方面進行創新，以使地球和空間變得更加

sustainable in the future?

未來可持續發展？

One example of how we address this topic is asking how we can use beeswax and candle wax

我們處理這個話題的一個例子是問我們如何使用蜂蠟和燭蠟

as fuels for satellites.

作為衛星的燃料。

Many fuels for satellites in the past have been expensive, but also toxic to humans.

過去用於衛星的許多燃料都很昂貴，但也對人類有毒。

So examples like hydrazine, if you use them for part of a satellite mission, they're both

所以像肼這樣的例子，如果你把它們用於衛星任務的一部分，它們都是

dangerous for you to handle as a human, but they also create a need for special equipment

作為一個人，你處理起來很危險，但它們也造成對特殊設備的需求。

and safety features that make the whole mission more expensive.

和安全功能，使整個任務更加昂貴。

Many of the smaller satellites that are being proposed now for missions like communication

現在提出的許多小型衛星用於通信等任務

systems, don't have systems for propulsion, meaning they don't have fuel to move themselves

系統，沒有推進系統，這意味著它們沒有燃料來移動自己。

around in space.

圍繞著空間。

And sometimes university teams and new countries want to have a simple satellite, and they

有時大學團隊和新的國家希望有一個簡單的衛星，而他們

just avoid having any kind of fuel at all.

只是避免有任何形式的燃料。

Beeswax is a global product.

蜂蠟是一種全球性產品。

Wax can be an important economic resource, and it's sold for many products around the

蠟可以是一種重要的經濟資源，它在世界各地的許多產品中都有銷售。

world.

世界。

But we want to ask can we create a marketplace, a sustainable marketplace, for beekeepers

但我們想問的是，我們能否為養蜂人創造一個市場，一個可持續的市場？

to be able to use their wax, both for other tools, such as, used often in things like

能夠使用他們的蠟，既用於其他工具，如，經常用於諸如

health products, but also for sustainable satellite and fuel systems that can remove

健康產品，但也是可持續的衛星和燃料系統，可以消除

space debris.

空間碎片。

The use of wax-based fuel systems, which are both affordable and non-toxic, could help

使用蠟基燃料系統，既實惠又無毒，可以幫助

with deorbiting the satellite, meaning, at the end of a mission, you could use this wax-based

衛星脫離軌道，也就是說，在任務結束時，你可以使用這個基於蠟質的

fuel system to help bring the satellite close to Earth's atmosphere.

燃料系統，以幫助使衛星接近地球大氣層。

And that's a place where it's safe for it to burn up in the atmosphere and be destroyed.

而那是一個可以讓它在大氣中安全燃燒並被銷燬的地方。

So it won't become a source of debris or trash in the future.

所以它不會在將來成為碎片或垃圾的來源。

Space is the heritage of all humankind.

空間是全人類的遺產。

Imagine life for a team of people who start to live on the moon, perhaps working in some

想象一下一個團隊的生活，他們開始在月球上生活，也許在一些

way, or on Mars.

方式，或在火星上。

For those teams, what if we could design a system that was sustainable from the beginning,

對於這些團隊來說，如果我們能夠設計一個從一開始就可持續發展的系統，那該怎麼辦？

we really should ask the question how can all of our food, and water, and materials

我們真的應該問一個問題，我們所有的食物、水和材料怎麼可能都在這裡？

can be part of a closed system to reuse all the material we have.

可以成為一個封閉系統的一部分，重新利用我們擁有的所有材料。

And if we can design ways to live without waste in space, we can also bring some of

如果我們能夠設計出在太空中沒有廢物的生活方式，我們也可以將一些

those same innovations back to Earth, and try to undo some of the damage we're doing

這些同樣的創新回到地球，並試圖消除我們正在做的一些損害。

with waste currently.

目前與廢物。