Name: 心理學速成班 #31（Trauma and Addiction: Crash Course Psychology #31）
Uploaded: 2022-02-18T06:57:03.000Z
Duration: 10 min 51 s
Description: 【看影片學英語】數萬部 YouTube 影片，搭配英漢字典即點即查，輕鬆掌握單字發音與用法，長久累積看電影不必再看字幕。

情態助動詞 (推斷語氣)

All right, so you might have read "The Hobbit" or "The Lord of the Rings," you have probably

seen them, you've definitely heard of them. But not everyone knows the story of their

author, J.R.R. Tolkien. Tolkien was an English World War One veteran. A reluctant solider,

he joined up with a sense of duty and he lived through the bloody battle of Somme suffering

tremendous shock, guilt, and loss during and after the war.

It took Tolkien years to processes his experiences. To help him do it he turned to writing fiction

and in time he constructed a world that helped him and all of us better understand war, human

nature, loss, and growth. His novels were the bi-product of trauma and they're among

the more beautiful reminders of how it can affect us.

Most of us will experience some kind of traumatic event in our lives and most of us will exhibit

some kind of stress related behavior because of it, these symptoms usually fade but for

some those reactions can linger and start of disrupt their lives or the lives of those

around them. These reactions can develop into full blown psychological disorders including

post-traumatic stress disorder and, in an effort to cope, sometimes addiction, but it doesn't

Ultimately, Tolkien was able to harness the effect of his trauma and shape them into something

important and to reclaim is own life because there is such a thing as post-traumatic growth, too.

As it does with many other things psychology approaches trauma related disorders with different

perspectives, but they all tend to ask the same questions.

How do you identify and diagnose these disorders? And how do you treat them, so that the patients

can recover? -- With the understanding that they might never be the same as they were

before the trauma, but they can still be healthy and happy.

In a way, psychology helps patients ask themselves, what Tolkien asks his readers, and what Frodo

asks when he is finally safe back in the shire: "How do you pick up the threads of an old

life? How to go on, when in your heart, you begin to understand that there is no going back."

It could be September 11 or a serious car accident or a natural disaster or a violent

crime that you survived but are still haunted by. Trauma comes in many different forms and

When it manifests as nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance, fear, guilt, anxiety, rage, insomnia,

and begins to interfere with your ability to function it can come to be known as post-traumatic

It was once call "shell shock" a term used to describe the condition of veterans, like

Tolkien in World War One but PTSD isn't limited to veterans. It's defined as a psychological

disorder generated by either witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. Its symptoms

are classified into four major clusters in the DSM V.

One of these clusters involves re-living the event through intrusive memories, nightmares,

or flashbacks. The second involves avoiding situations you associate with the event, while

the third generally describes excessive physiological arousal like heart pounding, muscle tension,

anxiety or irritability, and major problems sleeping or concentrating. And finally we

have the fourth major symptom cluster: pervasive negative changes in emotions and belief, like

feelings in excessive guilt, fear, or shame -- or no longer getting enjoyment out of what you used to.

PTSD patients may also experience numbing, or periods of feeling emotionless or emotionally

"flat" and dissociation, feeling as if situations aren't real or are surreal, feeling like time

has slowed down or sped up, or even blacking out.

We have been discussing how anxiety or mood disorders can affect a person's ability to

function and how that impairment itself leads to more suffering and dysfunction.

When any of these disorders is left untreated suffers may start to feel desperate to find

some way to cope and one way may be substance abuse. Unfortunately, addiction and trauma

can go hand in hand and it can be hard to recover from one without also dealing with

the other. According to the US department of Veteran's Affairs more than 2 in 10 veterans

with PTSD also struggle with substance abuse problems and 1 in every 3 vets seeking

treatment for substance abuse also have PTSD. And across many studies, between a third to

a half of women in treatment for substance abuse have experienced rape or sexual assault.

For a long time most psychologists understood PTSD through the lens of fear conditioning

or the unshakable memory of being in mortal danger and the learned responses that stem

from that memory. But clinicians have also begun to recognize that for some the disorder

can also be a kind of moral injury, widening the focus to include hauntings not just of

violence done to a person but also what that person did or did not do to others.

Brandon was a combat drone operator in the air force he enlisted at 21 years old and

spent 6 years sitting in a bunker in the American South-West watching Iraq and Afghanistan from

He watched soldiers die and people get executed. He also watched kids play, people get married,

goats grazing -- and when the time came he ordered hell fire missiles to strike military

targets or people who had no idea they where even being watched.

Although he was half a world away from combat, he ultimately suffered the psychological trauma

felt by many on the ground soldiers. He was diagnosed with PTSD. Brandon suffers no fears

for his own safety, but still experiences the same intrusive memories, nightmares, depression,

anxiety, and substance abuse of many emotionally traumatized combat soldiers. So do a lot of

But why do some victims or trauma suffer from PTSD while others seem able to move on?

Well, its psychology so the risk factors are complicated. Some findings suggest that there

may be genetic predispositions making some people more vulnerable than others. We also

know that context and environment matter, for instance, someone who has experienced

childhood abuse might feel on the one hand more ready to deal with difficult and traumatic

experiences. But on the other hand they might be more likely to default to the suppression

and avoidance in which PTSD suffers frequently engage, which as we've discussed in previous

episodes often makes psychiatric symptoms worsen over time.

As far as whats going on in the brain, PTSD shares some similarities with anxiety disorders.

For example the brains limbic system may flood the body with waves of stress hormones like

cortisol every time images of the traumatic event bubble up uninvited into consciousness.

And we've already talked a lot about how the amygdala and hippocampus are involved in those

classic fight or flight reactions, which when prolonged can be really rough on the body.

In fact, neuroimaging suggests that trauma -- or the chemical processes set into motion

by trauma -- might actually damage and shrink the hippocampus. Since this region is also

associated with how we consolidate memories, this might explain how memories associated

with trauma could fail to be filed away as long-term memories and instead remain vivid

and fresh through flashbacks and nightmares.

If there's any silver lining to all of this, it's that some people may actually experience

positive change after a trauma. Treatment and social support help some suffers achieve

post-traumatic growth, positive psychological changes resulting from the struggle with challenging

That's in part what Tolkien did. Though he suffered great trauma and loss on the battlefield,

he was eventually able to use those experiences to drive those powerful, allegorical stories. Stories

that helped not just himself, but many readers of all ages around the world.

It seems that while whatever doesn't kill you might not necessarily make you stronger,

But suffering can feed on itself. Many victims of trauma try to cope through whats colloquially

called self-medicating and some can end up with substance abuse or dependence issues.

Psychologists define addiction or dependence as compulsive, excessive, and difficult-to-control

substance use, or other, initially pleasurable behavior that beings to interfere with ordinary

字幕列表影片播放

心理學速成班 #31（Trauma and Addiction: Crash Course Psychology #31）

ultimately

anxiety

struggle

physical