Name: 臉書數字貨幣夢想如何改變 | CNBC報道 (How the Facebook digital currency dream has changed | CNBC Reports)
Uploaded: 2021-04-28T18:26:04.000Z
Duration: 7 min 53 s

In June 2019, Facebook announced the blueprint for a brand-new digital currency

2019年6月，Facebook宣佈了一個全新的數字貨幣的藍圖

that would transform the way money moves around the world.

這將改變資金在全世界的流動方式。

第二類條件句型

What if everyone was invited to the global economy with access to the same financial opportunities?

如果每個人都被邀請到全球經濟中來，獲得同樣的金融機會，會怎麼樣？

It was called Libra, and the announcement sent the financial industry into a spin.

它被稱為 "天秤座"，這一宣佈使金融業陷入混亂。

Central bankers and politicians around the globe expressed concerns over a broad range of issues,

全球的中央銀行家和政治家們對一系列廣泛的問題表示關切。

ranging from money laundering to financial stability.

After months of growing backlash, major backers abandoned the venture

在經歷了幾個月越來越多的反感之後，主要支持者放棄了風險投資

and key figures declared the existing project a failure.

和關鍵人物宣佈現有的項目是失敗的。

But the association managing Libra wasn't giving up that easily.

但管理天秤座的協會並沒有那麼容易放棄。

It released a new white paper in April 2020 to placate regulators.

它在2020年4月發佈了一份新的白皮書，以安撫監管機構。

In it, the currency was rebranded as Diem.

The Diem proposal is ultimately a watered-down version of the original idea,

迪姆提案最終是原始想法的淡化版。

but that was just what was needed to get the project off the ground.

但這恰恰是讓項目啟動的必要條件。

The Facebook-backed currency is expected to launch in 2021.

這個由Facebook支持的貨幣預計將在2021年推出。

We were extremely naive in the first version of our white paper.

我們在白皮書的第一個版本中是非常天真的。

We had a number of ideas, and to some extent it was really exciting to see

我們有很多想法，在某種程度上，看到這些想法真的很激動。

that the public sector's reaction to those ideas accelerated the pace of innovation.

公共部門對這些想法的反應加速了創新的步伐。

Christian Catalini is the chief economist for the Diem Association,

克里斯蒂安-卡塔里尼是迪姆協會的首席經濟學家。

the Switzerland-based nonprofit which oversees the currency's development.

總部設在瑞士的非營利組織負責監督該貨幣的發展。

He walked me through the changes he's hoping will make Diem

他向我介紹了他希望能使李琰的改變。

more palatable to regulators, starting with the coin itself.

監管機構更容易接受，首先是錢幣本身。

Libra was originally pitched as a universal currency,

天秤座最初是作為一種通用的貨幣來推銷的。

backed by a basket of central bank-issued money including the dollar, euro and Japanese yen.

由中央銀行發行的一攬子貨幣支持，包括美元、歐元和日元。

Now as Diem, they plan to launch multiple coins instead, each backed by a single nation's currency.

現在作為Diem，他們計劃推出多種硬幣，而不是由一個國家的貨幣來支持。

The first to be piloted will be the Diem dollar, which will be pegged to the U.S. dollar.

首先試行的將是與美元掛鉤的迪姆美元。

There are plans to launch a multi-currency coin as well, but that will be further down the line.

也有計劃推出一個多幣種的硬幣，但這將是更遠的事情。

So a big step of our dialogue with regulators has been actually talking about a phased approach to launch.

是以，我們與監管機構對話的一個重要步驟實際上是在談論分階段推出的方法。

We moved to a design that really starts with single currency stablecoins,

我們轉向了真正以單一貨幣穩定幣為起點的設計。

and therefore is a much more natural evolution of the current system.

是以，它是當前系統的一個更自然的演變。

Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that derive their value from an underlying asset,

穩定幣是一種加密貨幣，其價值來源於基礎資產。

like government money or gold. As you likely guessed from the name,

像政府貨幣或黃金。正如你可能從名字上猜到的那樣。

they tend to see less price fluctuations than other cryptocurrencies like bitcoin.

它們的價格波動往往比比特幣等其他加密貨幣小。

But a global, reliable alternative to government-backed money

但一個全球性的、可靠的政府支持的貨幣替代品

could be destabilizing for some emerging markets.

可能會破壞一些新興市場的穩定。

The fear is that Diem could be used as a substitute for,

擔心的是，蔡琰可能被用來替代。

or even replace, a country's own volatile currency.

甚至取代一個國家自己的動盪貨幣。

This has already happened with the U.S. dollar in countries like Zimbabwe and Ecuador,

在辛巴維和厄瓜多爾等國家，美元已經發生了這種情況。

which were struggling with high inflation. This phenomenon is known as dollarization.

這些國家正在與高通貨膨脹作鬥爭。這種現象被稱為美元化。

No stablecoin today actually has a good solution towards dollarization.

今天，沒有一個穩定幣實際上有一個很好的解決方案來實現美元化。

Say you're operating in a country that is going maybe through hyperinflation,

假設你在一個可能正在經歷惡性通貨膨脹的國家經營。

you have to be compliant with all local regulations. Maybe we will have to convert after a certain balance

你必須遵守所有當地的法規。也許我們必須在一定的餘額後進行轉換

to local currency, that essentially cuts out the channel of dollarization

到當地貨幣，這基本上切斷了美元化的管道。

and really mitigates a lot of the worries about capital substitution.

並真正減輕了對資本替代的很多擔憂。

The latest version of Diem also walks back on another key feature,

最新版本的Diem還回避了另一個關鍵功能。

the idea of eventually becoming permissionless. Unlike private cryptocurrencies,

的想法，最終成為無許可的。與私人加密貨幣不同。

oversight of the coins will be controlled by the Diem Association.

Its existing 26 members will be tasked with operating the Diem payments system,

其現有的26名成員將負責操作Diem支付系統。

minting coins and managing reserves. While some original members of the association

鑄造硬幣和管理儲備。雖然該協會的一些原始成員

such as PayPal, Mastercard and eBay have dropped out,

諸如PayPal、萬事達卡和eBay已經退出了。

new ones like Shopify and Singapore sovereign wealth fund Temasek have opted in.

像Shopify和新加坡主權財富基金Temasek這樣的新公司已經選擇加入。

Unlike a permissionless blockchain product, like bitcoin, which the whole point is that it doesn't require trust,

不像無權限的區塊鏈產品，比如比特幣，它的全部意義在於它不需要信任。

that it relies on network effects, that the validation is baked into the code

它依靠的是網絡效應，驗證是在代碼中進行的。

rather than being reliant upon on third parties validating. Diem doesn't work like that.

而不是依賴第三方的驗證。琰琰並不是這樣工作的。

Diem has these, the members, the validators, and you have to trust them.

琰羅有這些，成員，驗證者，你必須信任他們。

For that reason I'm not convinced that as a system it's necessarily an improvement on the existing one.

由於這個原因，我不相信作為一個系統，它一定是對現有系統的一種改進。

Building trust is key to Diem's success, but its link to Facebook makes that difficult.

建立信任是迪安公司成功的關鍵，但它與Facebook的聯繫使其難以實現。

It had 2.8 billion monthly active users in the fourth quarter of 2020.

它在2020年第四季度擁有28億月度活躍用戶。

That's a big advantage when it comes to the distribution of Diem,

當涉及到Diem的分配時，這是一個很大的優勢。

but the company's history of privacy scandals gives critics some pause.

但該公司的隱私醜聞歷史讓批評者感到有些不安。

Privacy is about the wallet, you know, not about the currency.

隱私是關於錢包的，你知道，不是關於貨幣的。

Dave Birch is an expert on digital money.

戴夫-伯奇是數字貨幣方面的專家。

He's referring to the Novi Digital Wallet, which is owned and controlled by Facebook.

他指的是諾維數字錢包，該錢包由Facebook擁有和控制。

A digital wallet is what makes sending and receiving digital currencies possible.

數字錢包是使發送和接收數字貨幣成為可能。

Users will be able to add their local currency to the wallet.

用戶將能夠把他們的在地貨幣添加到錢包中。

Novi converts it into a Diem digital currency and transfers it to the recipient in an instant.

Novi將其轉換為Diem數字貨幣，並在瞬間將其轉給收件人。

Novi will be accessible from Facebook's apps like Messenger and WhatsApp.

諾維將可以從Facebook的Messenger和WhatsApp等應用中訪問。

The scale could allow it to become one of the largest reservoirs of financial information in the world.

這種規模可以使它成為世界上最大的金融信息庫之一。

What most people will be nervous about, I'm sure, is all of that transaction data going to Facebook

我相信，大多數人都會感到緊張的是，所有的交易數據都會流向Facebook。

to be used for advertising and other purposes, which they don't really benefit from themselves

用於廣告和其他目的，而他們自己並沒有真正從中受益

and I think it's down to Facebook to reassure people.

我認為這是由Facebook來安撫人們。

But Novi has stressed that these fears are unfounded, saying transaction history will only be visible to customers.

但諾維強調，這些擔心是沒有根據的，說交易歷史只對客戶可見。

我們也把這個問題交給了李琰。

What do you say to people who are concerned that one's financial identity,

你對那些擔心一個人的財務身份的人怎麼說。

so what I'm spending my Diem on, could be eventually merged

所以我花錢買的東西，最終可能會被合併。

with their digital identity, so my social media profile.

與他們的數字身份，所以我的社交媒體資料。

We take privacy extremely seriously. Diem itself will not have

我們極其重視隱私。萃英本身不會有

private information about the customers. Some of our members made commitments with regards to

關於客戶的私人資訊。我們的一些成員在以下方面做出了承諾

data separation between, for example, social and financial data.

例如，社會和金融數據之間的數據分離。

The Diem Association has also taken concerns about financial crime such as money laundering on board.

Diem協會還把對洗錢等金融犯罪的關注納入其中。

If you don't know who the money is going to and from, you can't track or trace or do anything effectively.

如果你不知道錢是給誰的，從誰那裡來的，你就無法追蹤或跟蹤，也無法有效地做任何事情。

And governments will never allow that because you don't want it to become

而政府永遠不會允許這樣做，因為你不希望它成為

a mechanism for money laundering, and crime, corruption of all kinds.

這是一個洗錢、犯罪和各種腐敗的機制。

Diem now requires its members to undertake some of the same

現在Diem要求其成員承擔一些相同的任務。

rigorous anti-money laundering checks required by traditional financial institutions like banks.

銀行等傳統金融機構要求的嚴格的反洗錢檢查。

For example, they will have to verify a customer's identity to make sure they are genuinely who they claim to be.

例如，他們將不得不核實客戶的身份，以確保他們真的是他們聲稱的人。

Finally, there are also some important monetary policy effects to consider,

最後，還有一些重要的貨幣政策影響需要考慮。

not least because of the enormous reserves that would be needed to support Diem if the coins prove popular.

這主要是因為如果這些硬幣被證明是受歡迎的，就需要大量的儲備來支持李琰。

The ambition of Diem is that it should appeal to billions of people,

李琰的野心是，它應該吸引數十億人。

there should be billions of users, so that implies there's going to be trillions of coins.

應該有數十億的用戶，所以這意味著會有數萬億的錢幣。

And every one backed by cash or cash equivalents. That is one heck of a lot,

而且每一個都有現金或現金等價物的支持。這是一個很大的數目。

sitting in a very large fund, being managed by a fairly opaque group of institutions.

坐在一個非常大的基金裡，由一群相當不透明的機構管理。

And that is a fund easily big enough to move markets and easily big enough to hold central banks to ransom.

而這一基金很容易大到足以推動市場，也很容易大到足以讓中央銀行受到威脅。

Whether Diem is widely adopted or not, it has been credited with spurring

無論Diem是否被廣泛採用，它都被認為是刺激了

central banks into creating digital currencies of their own.

中央銀行創建自己的數字貨幣。

China, Sweden, Singapore, the U.K. and Venezuela are all working on CBDCs, or central bank digital currencies.

中國、瑞典、新加坡、英國和委內瑞拉都在研究CBDCs，即中央銀行數字貨幣。

The moment a CBDC becomes available we can stop operating the reserve,

一旦有了CBDC，我們就可以停止營運儲備。

what I call the analog retrofitting of the faster digital rails on the older fiat rails

我稱之為在舊的菲亞特軌道上模擬改造更快的數字軌道的做法

and start operating at, you know, digital speed.

並開始以，你知道的，數字速度運作。

字幕列表影片播放

臉書數字貨幣夢想如何改變 | CNBC報道 (How the Facebook digital currency dream has changed | CNBC Reports)

eventually

struggle

extremely

genuinely