which you might have seen from these headlines

你可能已經從這些標題中看到了

all over the internet.

在互聯網上的所有。

And in the last 40 years, sperm counts in men

而在過去的40年裡，男性的精子數量。

have decreased by 50%

減少了50%

and the distance between the anus

和肛門之間的距離

and the genitals in boys,

和男孩的生殖器。

aka the taint has been shrinking.

也就是汙點一直在縮小。

So today we are going to explain what is going on.

那麼今天我們就來解釋一下是怎麼回事。

Testosterone levels in men have been declining since 1982.

自1982年以來，男性的睪丸激素水平一直在下降。

A meta analysis of over 185 studies

對超過185項研究的元分析

that looked at over 48,000 men,

觀察了48000多名男子。

found that between the years of 1973

發現在1973年之間

and 2011 male sperm concentration had decreased by 52%

2011年男性精子濃度下降了52%。

and overall sperm count had decreased by 59%.

而整體精子數量減少了59%。

26% of men who have erectile dysfunction

26%的男性有勃起功能障礙。

are now under the age of 40.

現在是40歲以下。

Looking at sperm bank semen in 1963,

1963年，看著精子庫精液。

one teaspoon of sperm which is your average ejaculation

一茶匙精液

would have had 99 million viable sperm per milliliter.

每毫升中會有9900萬個可活的精子。

By 2011, it had fallen all the way

到了2011年，它一路下跌。

to only 49 million viable sperm.

到只有4900萬個可行的精子。

And the decrease in the sperm counts, sperm concentration

而精子數量、精子濃度的下降。

and viable sperm

和成活精子

is why now male fertility issues contribute 1/4 to 1/3

是為什麼現在男性生育問題佔1/4到1/3的原因。

of all fertility issues.

的所有生育問題。

And now we are starting to understand finally

現在我們終於開始明白

why this is happening.

為什麼會出現這種情況。

It comes down to plastics, pesticides, and the chemicals

歸根結底是塑膠、農藥和化學品的問題

in the products that we're using every day.

在我們每天使用的產品中。

Plastics, pesticides and chemicals

塑膠、殺蟲劑和化學品

in our products contain EDCs,

我們的產品中含有EDCs。

endocrine disrupting chemicals.

擾亂內分泌的化學品；

These chemicals can bind to hormone sites in our body

這些化學物質可以與我們體內的荷爾蒙部位相結合

and fool our bodies into thinking

愚弄我們的身體，讓我們以為

they're the natural hormone.

他們是自然的激素。

Hormones are signaling molecules in your body

荷爾蒙是你體內的信號分子。

that are a part of your amazing endocrine system.

是你神奇的內分泌系統的一部分。

The endocrine system consists of these glands in your body

內分泌系統由你體內的這些腺體組成。

that secrete hormones in order for your organs

為了使你的器官分泌激素

and your tissues to essentially communicate.

和你的組織進行本質上的交流。

For example, when stressed

例如，當壓力較大時

your brain will signal your pituitary gland

你的大腦會向你的腦垂體發出信號。

to release ACTH, and this pituitary gland is in your brain.

來釋放ACTH，而這個腦垂體就在你的大腦裡。

No, it is not your testicles, even though it looks like it.

不，這不是你的睪丸，儘管它看起來像。

The ACTH enters the blood where it then makes its way

ACTH進入血液，然後它的方式

to your adrenal gland.

到你的腎上腺。

Now the adrenal gland secretes cortisol

現在腎上腺會分泌皮質醇。

another hormone that enters the bloodstream

胰島素

and then increases glucose within your body

然後增加你體內的葡萄糖

to help you deal with that stress.

來幫助你處理這種壓力。

This is just one example

這只是一個例子

of endocrine biological signaling processes

內分泌生物信號傳導過程的影響

but there are many more that control how you breathe,

但還有很多控制你呼吸的方法。

how your digestion works

你的消化系統是如何運作的

and even the sensory you feel when you touch a wall.

甚至是你觸摸牆壁時的感覺。

Back to the endocrine disrupting chemicals or EDCs,

回到干擾內分泌的化學物質或EDCs。

they can also control

它們還可以控制

how our natural hormones are broken down and stored.

我們的天然荷爾蒙是如何分解和儲存的。

And they also change our body's sensitivity

而且它們還改變了我們身體的敏感性

to the real hormones.

到真正的荷爾蒙。

So let's start with

所以我們先從

the endocrine disrupting chemicals phthalates

擾亂內分泌的化學品鄰苯二甲酸鹽。

These chemicals are in plastics

這些化學品存在於塑膠中

'cause they make them soft and flexible.

因為它們讓它們變得柔軟而有彈性。

They're also in floor coverings,

它們也在地板鋪裝中。

and soap, and hair spray.

和肥皂，和髮膠。

One study of 72 common household objects

一項對72種常見家用物品的研究

found phthalates in three quarters of the products

在四分之三的產品中發現了鄰苯二甲酸鹽。

such as deodorant, and hair gels, and fragrances.

如除臭劑、髮膠和香料等。

So in rats, if the expectant mother is exposed to phthalates

所以在大鼠身上，如果孕婦接觸到鄰苯二甲酸酯類物質

18 to 21 days after mating,

交配後18～21天。

the male pups will have a decrease in testosterone.

雄性幼犬的睪丸激素會減少。

In humans, if an expectant mother is exposed to phthalates

在人類中，如果孕婦接觸了鄰苯二甲酸鹽

between week eight to 12 of the embryo's development

在胚胎髮育的第8周至第12周之間。

they can disrupt testosterone

它們會破壞睪丸激素

and lead to boys coming out

並導致男孩出來

with a decreased penis size, lower sperm counts

陰莖尺寸減小，精子數量減少。

and a smaller ADG, a smaller taint

和較小的ADG，較小的汙點。

Now let's look at the BPA

現在讓我們看看雙酚A

which you may have heard a lot about.

你可能已經聽說過很多了。

It can be found in non-state coatings

它可以在非國有塗料中找到

and lots of different plastics and electronics

和許多不同的塑膠和電子產品

and also in receipt paper.

而且還用收據紙。

Men working at factories with high levels of BPA

在雙酚A含量較高的工廠工作的男性；

had their urine examined

尿液檢查

that turned out that increased levels of BPA in their urine

結果發現，他們的尿液中雙酚A的含量增加了。

led to four times lower sperm counts,

導致精子數量降低4倍。

three times lower sperm vitality

三倍精子活力

and decreased sperm mobility.

和精子活動力下降。

Sons of men with high BPA exposure had decreased ADGs

接觸雙酚A較多的男性的兒子ADGs下降

and were more likely to have ejaculation issues

並且更有可能出現射精問題。

and decreased sexual desire.

和性慾下降。

And there are a lot of other chemicals

還有很多其他化學品

that disrupt endocrine hormones from those in plastic toys

擾亂內分泌激素的塑料玩具中的激素。

and air fresheners, nail Polish, pesticides

空氣清新劑、指甲油、殺蟲劑

to the grease and stain repellents and fast food containers,

到油脂和汙漬的驅除劑和快餐容器。

and the dioxins found in meat and dairy,

以及在肉類和乳製品中發現的二噁英。

all of which have an impact on sperm count

都會對精子數量產生影響。

taint size or penis length.

汙點大小或陰莖長度。

It's not just EDCs and plastics and pesticides

不僅僅是EDC、塑膠和殺蟲劑。

that are decreasing male fertility,

正在降低男性生育率的。

it's also other things that we are just doing to our body.

這也是其他的事情，我們只是對我們的身體。

Smoking cigarettes, or even just exposure

吸菸，甚至只是接觸

to secondhand smoke can actually cause damage to our sperm.

到二手菸其實會對我們的精子造成傷害。

It can decrease our testosterone

它可以減少我們的睪丸激素

and decrease our ability for the little guys

並降低我們對小傢伙的能力

to make its way to the egg.

以使它的方式到雞蛋。

And right now men smoke five times as much as women

而現在男性吸菸量是女性的五倍。

which is causing a decrease in male fertility.

導致男性生育能力下降。

And it's not just cigarettes, sadly,

遺憾的是，這不僅僅是香菸的問題。

also those marijuana smokers, like me, also have to look out

還有那些像我一樣吸食大麻的人，也要注意了。

because a 2015 study in Denmark

因為2015年丹麥的一項研究

found that smoking marijuana more than once a week

發現每週吸食一次以上的大麻。

led to a 29% decrease in sperm count.

導致精子數量減少29%。

Also curing meat with nitrites and nitrates

還用亞硝酸鹽和硝酸鹽醃製肉類

and the chlorinated pollutants

和氯化汙染物

that can be found in animal meat and dairy

畜禽肉和奶製品中含有的物質。

can damage your sperms DNA.

會損害你的精子DNA。

Men who eat more processed meat

多吃加工肉的男性

have a decreased sperm count

遺精

and decreased normally shaped semen.

而正常形狀的精液減少。

And this could be caused by the endocrine issues

而這可能是由內分泌問題引起的。

that these chemicals in these meats have.

這些肉類中的化學物質。

One thing is becoming extremely clear,

有一件事正變得極為清楚。

which is that the chemicals we are now using

這就是我們現在使用的化學品

in our modern world

在現代社會

are creating a decrease in male fertility

正在造成男性生育力下降

so much so that a variety of studies

以至於各種研究

have found a 1% decrease in testosterone

發現睪丸激素減少1%。

in men per year, since 1982.

自1982年以來，每年男子的人數。

As for what you can do right now at home

至於你現在在家可以做什麼？

you can eat less meat and dairy,

你可以少吃肉和奶製品。

you can not heat up things in plastic containers

你不能用塑料容器加熱東西

'cause that can actually have the chemicals

"因為這實際上可以有化學品

seep into your food,

滲入你的食物中。

you can eat less takeout and fast food

你可以少吃外賣和快餐

as the actual packaging can be an issue in those cases

因為在這些情況下，實際包裝可能是一個問題。

as well as the gloves that fast food workers wear

以及快餐店員工所戴的手套。

while they're preparing your food.

當他們在準備你的食物時

One study found that teenagers who ate out more

一項研究發現，在外面吃得比較多的青少年。

had a 55% increase in some of these EDCs

其中部分EDC增加了55%。

as compared to teenagers who solely ate at home.

與只在家裡吃飯的青少年相比，。

If you do use a non-stick pan, keeping the heat low

如果您使用不粘鍋，請保持小火。

and for shorter periods of time

和較短的時間

and if you ever see any sort of flaking on them,

如果你看到他們身上有任何剝落，

get rid of them.

擺脫他們。

Dilates can leach into food in processing practices

稀釋劑在加工過程中會滲入食品中。

and in food packaging,

和食品包裝中。

so, eating less processed food

所以，少吃加工食品

or food with less packaging can also help.

或包裝較少的食品也可以幫助。

We need to regulate corporations

我們要對企業進行監管

so that they can't just use these chemicals on us.

這樣他們就不能在我們身上使用這些化學品了。

Right now corporations can experiment with our bodies.

現在企業可以用我們的身體做實驗。

The way that this regulation works,

這個條例的運作方式。

so it's kind of innocent until proven guilty.

所以它是一種無罪的，直到被證明有罪。

So only when we start to realize the detrimental effects

所以，只有當我們開始意識到危害性的時候

of these chemicals, do we then start to regulate them.

這些化學品的，我們是否就開始對其進行監管。

We need to change that order.

我們需要改變這個順序。

You may have seen this tweet from Greta Thunberg.

你可能看過Greta Thunberg的這條微博。

I think it's rather smart and funny,

我覺得挺聰明的，也挺有趣的。

and we will see you at the next climate match.

我們會在下一場氣候比賽中見到你。

We need to hit the streets and hold our governments

我們需要上街遊行，讓我們的政府知道。

and our corporations accountable

和我們公司的責任

when it comes to regulating

在監管方面

these chemicals out of our bodies.

這些化學物質從我們的身體中排出。

They need to keep us safe,

他們需要保護我們的安全。

they need to help us lead healthier lives.

他們需要幫助我們過上更健康的生活。

And we didn't even really know the effects

而我們甚至不知道其效果。

that these chemicals were gonna have on us

這些化學品會對我們產生影響

and now that we do,

現在，我們做。

we need to figure out how to get them out.

我們要想辦法把他們弄出來。

This is really important so that we can keep

這真的很重要，這樣我們就可以保持

all of our (beep).

我們所有的（嗶）。

If you wanna learn more,

如果你想了解更多。

grab the book "Count Down" by Shanna Swan.

加快腳步閱讀莎娜-斯旺的《倒計時》一書。

She's sort of ringing the alarm on all of these issues,

她對所有這些問題都敲響了警鐘。

I am just helping her try

我只是幫她試試

and get this information out there.

並把這些資訊傳遞出去。

The book is full of amazing resources

這本書裡有很多驚人的資源

and gives you a really great understanding

並給你一個真正偉大的理解

of what is going on here.

的是怎麼回事。

Thank you so much for watching

謝謝你的觀看

and we will see you next week

我們下週見

for a new science video, peace.

為一個新的科學視頻，和平。