Name: 鄧寧克魯格效應 (The Dunning Kruger Effect)
Uploaded: 2021-03-31T17:55:23.000Z
Duration: 4 min 21 s

On April 19th 1995 McArthur Wheeler robbed a  bank with his face glazed with lemon juice,  

1995年4月19日，麥克阿瑟-惠勒搶劫銀行，臉上塗滿了檸檬汁。

believing the juice would make his face  invisible to the surveillance cameras.  

相信果汁會讓他的臉在監控攝像頭下看不見。  

轉承詞

He thought so because lemon juice works  as invisible ink on a piece of paper.

他之所以這麼認為，是因為檸檬汁在紙上的作用就像隱形墨水一樣。

Police broadcasted the security camera  footage on the local 11 o'clock news,  

警方在當地11點新聞中播放了監控錄像。

and just after midnight Arthur was arrested.  Incredulously he said "But I wore the juice!"

而就在午夜之後，亞瑟被逮捕了。  不可思議的是，他說："但我穿的是果汁！"

Baffled by this reasoning,  David Dunning and Justin Kruger,  

被這種推理所迷惑，大衛-鄧寧和賈斯汀-克魯格。

two Psychologists, studied Mr Wheeler and  others like him . They came to the conclusion  

兩位心理學家，研究了惠勒先生和其他類似的人。他們得出的結論是

that people with low ability at a task tend  to, paradoxically, overestimate themselves.  

矛盾的是，在某項任務上能力低下的人，往往會高估自己。  

This cognitive bias is known  as The Dunning–Kruger effect.

這種認知偏差被稱為鄧寧-克魯格效應。

Let's look at this graphically plotting one's  confidence in your ability against one's actual  

讓我們來看看這個圖表，將一個人對自己能力的信心與實際的

knowledge in a field. As we learn something new,  we are often highly confident because we know so  

某一領域的知識。當我們學習新的知識時，我們往往會非常自信，因為我們知道的東西太多了。

little that as soon as we do know a tiny bit, we  think we know it all. Those who stop learning here  

小到只要我們知道一點點，就會認為自己知道了一切。那些在這裡停止學習的人

maintain a false sense of mastery. Those  who continue learning, realize things are  

保持一種虛假的掌握感。那些繼續學習的人，意識到事情是

more complex and often lose motivation. And  the more they increase their knowledge the  

更加複雜，往往失去動力。而他們的知識越是增加

lower their confidence becomes. Many stop at  this stage, thinking they've learned nothing.  

他們的信心變得更低。很多人都止步於這個階段，認為自己什麼都沒學到。  

Only if we keep going can we regain confidence  while getting better. And at the end, we will be  

只有堅持下去，我們才能在進步的同時重拾信心。而在最後，我們將

full of knowledge and almost as confident  in our ability as right after we started.

充滿了知識，對自己的能力幾乎和剛開始時一樣自信。

In other words, if a simpleton , a good student  and a wise teacher were to have a public debate,  

換句話說，如果一個簡單的人，一個好學生和一個聰明的老師進行公開辯論。

this is how things could go down. The simpleton  knows just a little bit, but is very confident and  

這就是事情可能發生的原因。憨厚的人只知道一點，但卻非常自信，而且。

voices his opinions loud and without hesitations.  The student knows more, but doesn't realize it  

毫不猶豫地大聲發表自己的意見。  學生知道的比較多，但沒有意識到這一點

because she lacks confidence. She keeps quiet. The  teacher is confident, but understands how complex  

因為她缺乏信心。她保持沉默。老師很有信心，但也瞭解到了複雜的情況。

things really are, hence voices his opinions with  reservations. In the end, the simpleton wins the  

是以，他的意見是有保留的。最後，簡單的人贏了。

popular vote, because he is so confident about  being right and people tend to trust certainty.

民意，因為他對自己的正確性非常自信，人們往往相信確定性。

Research from North America, Europe and  Japan suggests that culture plays a big role.  

北美、歐洲和日本的研究表明，文化的作用很大。  

From assessments of one's own  ability to drive we know that 93%  

從對自身駕駛能力的評估中我們知道，93%的人

of Americans think they are better  drivers than average, while “only '' 69%  

的美國人認為他們是比一般人更好的司機，而 "只有'' 69%的人

of Swedish think so. In Japan on the other  hand, people, in general, tend to underestimate  

的瑞典人這樣認為。另一方面，在日本，人們普遍傾向於低估了

their abilities as a strategy to see their  underachievement as an opportunity to improve.

他們的能力作為一種策略，把他們的成績不佳視為改進的機會。

Setting out on a journey of learning  can be a daunting experience.  

踏上學習之路，是一次令人生畏的經歷。  

What starts off as a leisurely stroll  soon changes to an intense battle of  

一開始的悠閒漫步，很快就變成了一場激烈的戰鬥。

willpower between you and an intimidating  amount of knowledge. Do not give up.  

你的意志力和令人生畏的知識量之間。不要放棄。  

The longer you fight, the more power  you gain, up until the point you win.

戰鬥時間越長，獲得的力量就越大，直到你獲勝為止。

And in the end, if you persevere, you  may be elevated to the ranks of Socrates,  

而最後，如果你堅持不懈，你可能會被提升到蘇格拉底的行列。

who, over 2000 years ago,  left us with a quote of wisdom  

他在2000多年前就給我們留下了一句話："我們要做的，就是要讓我們的生活更美好。"他的這句話，讓我們的生活更美好。

“I know that I am intelligent,  because I know that I know nothing.”

"我知道我很聰明，因為我知道我什麼都不知道。"

sprouts videos are published under the  creative commons license that means our  

sprouts的視頻是在創作共用許可證下發布的，這意味著我們的。

videos are free and anyone can download edit and  play them for personal use and public schools  

視頻是免費的，任何人都可以下載編輯和播放，供個人和公立學校使用。

governments and non-profit organizations can  also use them for training online courses  

政府和非營利組織也可以使用它們來進行在線培訓課程。

or designing new curriculums to help us stay  independent and support our work you can join  

或設計新的課程，以幫助我們保持獨立和支持我們的工作，你可以加入我們。

our patrons and contribute just visit patreon.com  sprouts even one dollar can make a difference

我們的贊助人和捐款只需訪問patreon.com sprouts哪怕是一美元也能帶來不同的效果。