>> Stephen: HEY, EVERYBODY.

>> Stephen: HEY, EVERYBODY.

WELCOME BACK.

歡迎回來。

MY NEXT GUEST IS THE "NEW YORK TIMES" BESTSELLING AUTHOR KNOWN

我的下一位客人是 "紐約時報 "的暢銷書作家。

FOR HIS BIOGRAPHIES OF FIGURES LIKE LEONARDO DA VINCI, STEVE

他為萊昂納多-達-芬奇、史蒂夫等人物所寫的傳記。

JOBS, AND ALBERT EINSTEIN.

喬布斯，和阿爾伯特-愛因斯坦。

HIS NEW BOOK IS "THE CODE BREAKER."

他的新書是 "密碼破壞者"。

PLEASE WELCOME, WALTER ISAACSON.

請歡迎，沃爾特-艾薩克森。

WALTER, GOOD TO SEE YOU AGAIN.

沃爾特，很高興再次見到你。

THANKS FOR BEING HERE.

謝謝你來這裡。

>> THANKS FOR HAVING ME BACK.

>> 謝謝你讓我回來。

I APPRECIATE IT, STEPHEN.

我很感激，史蒂芬。

>> Stephen: IT'S ALWAYS A GOOD CONVERSATION WITH YOU BECAUSE

>> 斯蒂芬: 和你的對話總是很愉快，因為......

YOU WRITE ABOUT SOME OF THE MOST FASCINATING PEOPLE IN HUMAN

你寫的是人類最快活的人的事

HISTORY, BUT NOW YOU'RE WRITING ABOUT SOMEONE WHO IS STILL

歷史，但現在你要寫的是一個還在的人。

ACTIVELY EXPLORING, ACTIVELY DISCOVERING.

積極探索，積極發現。

HER NAME IS JENNIFER DOWDNA, AND WHAT SHE'S FAMOUS FOR, SHE'S ONE

她的名字叫JENNIFER DOWDNA，而她出名的是，她是一個。

OF THE DISCOVER REARS OF THE USE OF KRISPER, THE CODE BREAKER.

關於破譯密碼者克瑞斯伯的使用情況的調查報告。

WHAT IS CRISPER.

什麼是CRISPER。

>> A BACTERIA THAT'S BEEN USED TO FIGHT VIRUSES FOR A BILLION

>> 一種被用來對抗病毒的菌類，已經有幾十億年的歷史了。

YEARS.

年。

THEY TAKE A MUG SHOT OF ANY VIRUS THAT ATTACKED OF A SNIPPET

他們採取了任何病毒的照片，攻擊的鼻涕蟲的攻擊。

OF ITS GENETIC CODE AND WRAP IT IN A CLUSTERED REPEATED SEQUENCE

並將其編入一個連續的重複序列中。

KNOWN AS A CRISPER.

被稱為 "CRISPER"。

WHEN THEY SEE THE VIRUS AGAIN THEY USE THE ENZYME TO SHOP IT

當他們看到病毒再次使用ENZYME來購物。

UP.

上升。

WHAT JENNIFER DID AND THEY WON THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR IT IS TO

詹妮弗的所作所為以及他們是以獲得諾貝爾獎的原因是為了紀念她。

SAY, WOW, IF BACTERIA CAN DO THAT, WE CAN REPURPOSE IT SO

說，哇，如果細菌能做到這一點，我們可以再利用它，所以。

THAT WE CAN TARGET HUMAN GENES AND CUT GENES IN OUR OWN BODY.

我們可以瞄準人類的基因，並削減基因在我們自己的身體。

SO IT BECAME A TOOL TO EDIT GENES.

所以它成了一個編輯基因的工具。

>> Stephen: WELL, THE EXTRAORDINARY THING ABOUT THIS,

>> 史蒂芬: 好吧，關於這個奇怪的事情。

AS YOU SAID, IT'S BEEN GOING ON FOR, YOU KNOW, A BILLION YEARS,

就像你說的，這已經持續了，你知道的，十億年了。

BACTERIA HAS BEEN DOING THIS SORT OF THING.

BACTERIA一直在做這種事情。

WE'VE HAD THE CONCEPT OF DNA FOR A LONG TIME.

我們已經有了DNA的概念很長時間了。

WE'VE HAD THE IDEA OF GENE EDITING AS A POSSIBLE MEDICAL

我們曾想過把基因編輯作為一種可能的醫療手段。

TREATMENT OR MANIPULATION OF OUR GENOME, BUT WE HAVEN'T HAD THE

治療或操縱我們的基因組，但我們還沒有得到的

TOOL.

工具：

NOW THAT THE TOOL IS HERE AND CAN BE SO PRECISE IN ITS

現在，該工具在這裡，可以如此精確地在我的。

EDITING, ARE WE HEADING, IN YOUR OPINION, TOWARD A UTOPIA OR A

編輯，在你看來，我們是在走向烏托邦還是在走向世界？

DYSTOPIA?

DYSTOPIA？

BECAUSE THIS IS THE BEGINNING OF SOMETHING NEW, ISN'T IT?

因為這是新事物的開始，不是嗎？

>> ABSOLUTELY.

>> 當然。

IT'S WHY I WROTE THE BOOK BECAUSE I THINK IT'S UP TO US AS

這就是我寫這本書的原因，因為我認為這是由我們自己來決定的

A SOCIETY TO SAY, BOY, WE HAVE TO USE THIS FOR REALLY IMPORTANT

一個協會說，男孩，我們必須使用這個真正重要的。

THINGS.

事情。

WE'VE ALREADY USED IT LAST YEAR TO CURE SOMEBODY OF SICKLE CELL

我們去年已經用它治癒了一些人的鐮刀型細胞

ANEMIA.

貧血症：

AND EASY GENE MUTATIONS LIKE M.D., CYSTIC FIBROSIS, THOSE ARE

和簡單的基因突變，如M.D.，CYSTIC FIBROSIS，這些都是。

THE THINGS WE SHOULD BE USING IT FOR.

我們應該使用它的事情。

NOW, OF COURSE, YOU CAN READ BRAVE NEW WORLD AND KNOW WE CAN

現在，當然，你可以閱讀勇敢的新世界，並知道我們可以。

USE GENE EDITING IN THE FUTURE TO SAY, HEY, THE RICH PEOPLE CAN

在未來使用基因編輯說，嘿，富人可以。

BUY BETTER GENES FOR THEIR KIDS.

為他們的孩子購買更好的基因。

SO THAT'S WHERE I GET TO THE DYSTOPIA THAT I HOPE WE DON'T

這就是我希望我們不會出現的迷幻狀態的原因

EVER ENCOUNTER.

遇到過。

>> Stephen: WE GET BACK TO THE POSSIBLY DYSTOPIAS?

>> 斯蒂芬：我們回到可能的DYSTOPIAS？

JUST A MOMENT, BUT I WANT TO TALK ABOUT THIS USE OF THE

等一下，但我想談談這個使用的""。

TREATMENT, IN THIS CASE FOR SICKLE CELL.

治療，在這種情況下，為鐮刀型細胞。

WHAT I DON'T UNDERSTAND IS I CAN UNDERSTAND USING CRISPER TO

我不明白的是，我可以理解使用CRISPER來實現。

ADJUST THE DNA IN A SINGLE CELL -- SAY A STEM CELL THAT HAS

調整單個細胞中的DNA--比如說，一個幹細胞，它具有

A PHRASE I DON'T ENTIRELY URNS CALLED PLEURO POTENCY WHERE IT

一個我不完全URNS稱為PLEURO POTENCY的PHRASE，其中它

CAN BECOME ALL KINDS OF DIFFERENT CELLS IN OUR BODY.

可以成為我們身體裡各種不同的細胞。

THOSE ARE CHANGED WITH CRISPER, STEM CELLS ARE TAKEN OUT,

這些都是改變與CRISPER，STEM細胞被取出。

CHANGED, AND GO BACK INTO YOUR TO DO THE BUSINESS CRISPER HAS

改變了，並回到你的業務CRISPER已經。

TOLD IT TO DO.

叫它去做。

HOW DOES IT PROPAGATE THROUGHOUT THE BODY?

它是如何通過身體傳播的？

WE'RE NOT INJECTING IT INTO EVERY CELL IN YOUR BODY.

我們不是把它注射到你身體的每一個細胞裡。

HOW IS IT AFFECTING THE CHANGE FROM CELL TO CELL?

它是如何影響從細胞到細胞的變化？

>> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION.

>> 這是個好問題。

IN MOST CASES, IT DOESN'T IF YOU'RE CURING SICKLE CELL, ALL

在大多數情況下，它不如果你是治療鐮刀菌，所有的

YOU HAVE TO DO IS GET THE STEM CELLS TO PRODUCE BLOOD CELLS

你要做的就是讓精子細胞產生血細胞。

THAT ARE HEALTHY, AND YOU CAN DO IT IN THE EYE AND FIX THE CELLS

健康的，你可以做的眼睛和修復細胞。

IN THE EYE IF YOU HAVE CONGENITAL BLINDNESS AND YOU CAN

如果你有先天性失明，並且你可以在眼睛裡

NOW TARGET CANCER BECAUSE CANCER HAS A WAY OF FIGHTING OUR

現在瞄準癌症，因為癌症也有辦法對抗我們

IMMUNOTHERAPY SYSTEMS, OUR OWN IMMUNE SYSTEM, BUT YOU CAN TURN

免疫治療系統，我們自己的免疫系統，但你可以打開。

THAT ABILITY IN THE CANCER CELLS OFF, SO THERE ARE MANY THINGS

在癌症細胞關閉的能力，所以有很多東西。

YOU CAN DO.

你可以做。

IF YOU WANTED TO GET INTO EVERY CELL OF THE HUMAN BODY, THEN

如果你想進入人體的每一個細胞，那麼...

YOU'VE GOT TO GO A STEP FURTHER, WHICH ALREADY HAS BEEN DONE, BUT

你得再往前走一步，這已經完成了，但是...

IT'S A LITTLE BIT MORE TUBOUS, BECAUSE YOU HAVE TO EDIT EARLY

因為你得早點編輯，所以有點複雜。

STAGE EMBRYOS OR REPRODUCTIVE CELLS SO THAT IT MULTIPLIES AND

階段性胚胎或生殖細胞，使其多倍化和。

BECOMES PART OF A WHOLE BODY, BUT, THAT WAY, IT IS ALSO

成為一個整體身體的一部分，但是，這樣一來，它也是。

INHERITED BY ALL THE CHILDREN OF THE PEOPLE YOU EDIT AND ALL OF

你所編輯的人的所有子女和所有的人都會繼承。

THEIR DESCENDENTS.

他們的後裔：

SO WHAT YOU'VE DONE IS EDIT THE HUMAN RACE.

所以你所做的就是編輯人類的種族。

>> Stephen: MY UNDERSTANDING IS VLADIMIR PUTIN HAS ALREADY

>> 斯蒂芬: 我的理解是，弗拉基米爾-普京已經有了。

INDICATED, YOU KNOW, SEMISERIOUSLY THAT CRISPER MIGHT

指明，你知道，半信半疑的是，CRISPER可能會。

BE GOOD TO CREATE SUPERSOLDIERS.

善於創造子公司。

>> ABSOLUTELY, YOU CAN MAKE SOLDIERS RESISTANT TO RADIATION

>> 當然，你可以讓阿兵哥抵抗輻射。

AND PUTIN SAID WE CAN MAKE THEM SO THEY'RE LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO

普京說，我們可以讓它們變得更容易被人發現

FEAR OR THAT THEY HAVE LESS COMPASSION.

恐懼或者說他們沒有那麼多的同情心。

HE SAID THAT TO A YOUTH GROUP.

他對一個青年團體說的。

AND, SO, ONE OF THE BIG FUNDERS NOW OF THIS RESEARCH IS THE

所以，現在這項研究的主要資助者之一是美國政府。

DEFENSE DEPARTMENT.

防衛部：

DARPA, THE RESEARCH AGENCY THERE, HAS FURNISHED JENNIFER

DARPA，那裡的研究機構，已經資助了JENNIFER。

DOWDEN'S LABS AND HARVARD AND M.I.T. TO CREATE ANTI-CRISPER,

DOWDEN'S LABS和HARVARD和M.I.T.創造了ANTI-CRISPER。

PRETTY MUCH WHAT IT SOUNDS LIKE, IS HOW DO YOU REVERSE IT IF SOME

聽起來很像，是你如何反轉它，如果一些。

ME NEF LENT ACTOR HAS DONE IT.

我的NEF LENTOR演員已經做到了。

>> Stephen: WELL, YOU'VE WRITTEN ABOUT SO MANY PEOPLE WHO

>> 你寫了那麼多的人，他們都是...

ARE CONFIDENTLY DESCRIBED AS GENIUSES, WHAT IS THE

是自信地描述為天才，什麼是天才？

COMMONALITY BETWEEN EINSTEIN OR JENNIFER DOWDEN.

EINENSTEIN或JENNIFER DOWDEN之間的共性。

>> WHAT COUNTS IS BEING IMAGINATIVE AND CREATIVE.

>> 最重要的是要有想象力和創造力。

TO ME, THERE'S ONE TRAIT THAT REALLY STANDS OUT FROM LEONARDO

對我來說，萊昂納多有一個特質是非常突出的

Da VINCI ALL THE WAY TO JENNIFER DOWDEN AS A YOUNG KID

達文西一路走來，珍妮弗-道登作為一個年輕的孩子。

IN HAWAII, AND THAT'S JUST BASIC CURIOSITY, PURE CURIOSITY, AND

在夏威夷，這只是基本的好奇心， 純粹的好奇心，和

THAT YOU'RE DOING THESE THINGS FOR CURIOSITY'S SAKE.

你做這些事情是為了好奇心的緣故。

THIS IS HOW BEAUTIFUL NATURE, IS WHICH SUBPOENA OUT OF CURIOSITY,

這是多麼美麗的自然，是什麼subpoena出於好奇。

ALL THESE SCIENTISTS TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT'S THIS WEIRDNESS

所有這些科學家試圖找出 什麼是這種奇怪的事情。

IN BACK TIER DWRA AND TURNS OUT TO BE USEFUL.

在後層DWRA，結果是有用的。

SO INSTEAD OF PURSUING THINGS BECAUSE THEY'RE USEFUL AND

所以不要因為東西有用而去追求它們

THEY'LL GET YOU PATENTS OR PRIZES, IT'S BEST TO START OFF

他們會讓你獲得專利或獎金，最好是一開始就獲得。

BEING CURIOUS WONDERING WHY IS THE SKY BLUE OR LEAVES CURL WHEN

好奇地想知道為什麼天空是藍色的或葉子捲曲的時候

YOU TOUCH IT.

你碰它。

THOSE ARE THE THINGS, FROM STEVE JOBS, AND I MUST SAY, IT'S ONE

這些都是史蒂夫-喬布斯的東西，我必須說，這是一個。

OF YOUR TRAITS, TOO, I LOVE IT ABOUT YOU, YOU'RE SO CURIOUS

你的特質，我也喜歡你的特質，你是如此的好奇。

ABOUT EVERYTHING, AND YOUR DIRTY LITTLE SECRET IS YOU'RE CURIOUS

關於所有的事情，你的骯髒的小祕密是你的好奇心。

ABOUT SCIENCE AS WELL.

也是關於科學的。

I LOVE THAT.

我喜歡這個。

>> Stephen: I DO BELIEVE DISCOVERY IS GREATER THAN

>> 斯蒂芬: 我相信發現是偉大的比。

INVENTION, AND I ALWAYS LOVE TALKING TO YOU, WALTER.

發明，我一直很喜歡和你說話，沃爾特。

THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE.

謝謝你在這裡。

>> THANK YOU, STEPHEN.

>> 謝謝你，斯蒂芬。

>> Stephen: "THE CODE BREAKER" IS AVAILABLE NOW.

>> Stephen: "The CODE BREAKER" is AVAILABLE NOW.

WALTER ISAACSON, EVERYBODY.

WALTER ISAACSON, EVERYBODY.

BACK WITH A PERFORMANCE BY SEBASTIAN YATRA AND GUAYNAA.

由SEBASTIAN YATRA和GUAYNAA表演。

♪♪♪

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