It was just 13 to start with,

but as time marched on, the border marked west,

bringing us to today and the 48 contiguous states plus Alaska and Hawaii.

They're usually drawn in these little boxes, not to to scale because Hawaii is in the middle of a

vast ocean of deadly nothing-ness, and Alaska is monstrous.

Unlike other unions, where members can leave if they so choose,

statehood is eternal.

Even for you, Texas.

Now, how the federal government works is a story for another time,

but at the moment, all you need know is that Congress, where national laws are written

is made of representatives who are sent from the states.

Now, there are some non-state gaps not visible on this map.

The first is Washington D.C., the nation's capital.

which is a stateless limbo land between Maryland and Virginia.

As D.C. is a city without a state, it puts her under the control of Congress.

Meaning all the other states get the final say on how D.C. is run,

while she doesn't get a vote in anything.

It didn't matter when the District of Columbia was basically uninhabited,

but since more people live in D.C. now than do in a couple of states

it's an uncomfortable arrangement.

The other gaps on this map are the American Indian reservations.

which are numerous.

The United States kind of administers them while sort of treating them as foreign nations

which means you could draw the state boundaries to look like this

because the reservations are kind of apart from those states.

But the American Indian reservations are such a full of asterisks

(O' so sensitive situation)

it's also better as a story for another time.

Gaps aside, the continent (and Hawaii) is mostly straight-forward.

But there's more than just these United States.

When the U.S. ran out of lands to manifest destiny,

she learned from the best and teritorified a whole bunch of islands.

First up: Puerto Rico - an organized, unincorporated territory

of the U.S. This means she's self-governing(to some extent)

and that all the U.S. constitution doesn't automatically apply

on the island. Now, 3.7 million people live in Puerto Rico

which is 91% of the people living on U.S. Territorial islands

and more people than live in 21 of the states.

And, the U.S. treats Puerto Rico as a state in almost all but name

which possibly soon she will be anyway

bringing the number of stars to a nice, even, 51?

But Puerto Rico isn't the only organized, unincorporated territory.

There's also Guam, which was acquired in the Spanish-American war,

along with Puerto Rico, there's the Northern Mariana Islands,

taken from Japan during World War II,

and the U.S. Virgin Islands taken from nobody -- Denmark sold her.

The people in these territories are American citizens.

In most ways, the territories are just like D.C.

Congress can override their local governments and they don't have

representation because no state-tation.

But otherwise, it's America.

Actually, the territories and D.C. do get to elect congressional representatives

who attend all of the meetings

but just can't vote in any of them.

which is either the worst job in the world or the best job in the world

depending on the kind of person who gets it.

Also, since votes for president are based on state population,

citizens in the territories can't vote.

Which as mentioned in a previous video leads to the weird situation that

Americans who live in foreign countries can vote for president in the

state where they last lived.

While Americans who live in America, just in a territory,

cannot.

Along with these unincorporated organized territories

there are also unincorporated unorganized territories.

Actually, quite a few.

They are Howland Island, Navassa Island,

Wake Island, Jarvis Island,

Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Reef,

Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo Bank.

Most of these were acquired under the delightfully named Guano Islands Act

when the U.S. decided she wanted a bunch of islands filled with bird poop.

No, really, the U.S. just straight up wrote a law to declare those islands

were now hers.

Unorganized, in this system, means there's no local government on these islands

because no one lives in these places.

Some of them are barley above the water line.

Now, the weird category is unorganized incorporated territories

of which there is one: the Palmyra Atoll.

claimed by the U.S. after the totally peaceful annexation of Hawaii.

They're currently an uninhabited nature reserve.

But, incorporated means the U.S. constitution applies here.

To who? The Palmyra Atoll is like that question about a tree falling in the forest.

If there are no people for the constitution to apply to,

does the constitution still apply?

Yes.

This means if a foreigner gives birth on this uninhabited strip

and doesn't die from the nature,

their child would be an American citizen.

Now, this category is empty.

It's where territories go before they become states.

When basically the Constitution fully applies

and it was last occupied by Hawaii.

We've gone full circle but there is one territory we've left out --

American Samoa: home to 55,000 people.

Uniquely, American Samoans don't get to be citizens

but instead are American Nationals.

They can live in the states but can't vote in presidential elections

Unless they go through the immigration process like any foreigner.

Even though in all other ways, they're indistinguishable from citizens.

This is unique to American Samoa and there seems to be no reason for it

other than that Congress has gotten around to updating the system.

American Samoa is in the no-government category, like it's lord of the flies

over there, which it obviously isn't.

So American Samoa with it's organized government needs to go over here and

Puerto Rico, essentially a state, needs to go over here

and the empty Palmyra Atoll needs to go over here.

But, don't hold your breath for the paperwork to make it's way through Congress

any time soon.

So, that's all the territories of the United States, but there is one final

thing to talk about: three tiny nations -- Palu, the Marshall Islands and the

Federated States of Micronesia.

The last has a convenient domain name: .fm -- first choice of quality podcasts everywhere.

*hint, hint; click, click*

These are separate countries with UN seats and everything

but they have a "Compact of Free Association"

with the United States.

The deal is that the U.S. provide economic support and military defense to the

compact nations in return for being allowed to build military bases there.

Also, compact citizens can live and work in the United States and vice versa.

The Americans wanting to live abroad: you have three easy options.

So, that's America: 50 states, many reservations, one district,

lots of islands territories, some even with people and three tiny associated countries.