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  • In May of 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gave the greenlight to release hundreds

    2020年5月,美國環境保護局開了綠燈,放出數百個

  • of millions of genetically modified mosquitoes in the Florida Keys. I realize that sentence

    數百萬只轉基因蚊子在佛羅里達群島。我知道這句話

  • had a lot of scary buzzwords: mosquitoes, genetically modified, Florida. So, what's

    有很多可怕的流行語: 蚊子,轉基因,佛羅里達州。那麼,什麼是

  • the plan here, why are we doing this, and what are the potential risks?

    這裡的計劃,我們為什麼要這樣做,有什麼潛在的風險?

  • Mosquitoes are more than just irritating pests that cause itchy bumps and make me dread going

    蚊子不僅僅是惱人的害蟲,造成癢癢的疙瘩,讓我害怕去。

  • outside. They are also considered the deadliest animals in the world. The diseases they carry

    外。它們也被認為是世界上最致命的動物。它們攜帶的疾病

  • run the gamut from malaria to yellow fever, and their bites cause at least hundreds of

    從瘧疾到黃熱病,它們的叮咬至少會造成數百人死亡。

  • thousands of deaths each year. Sharks, by comparison, kill about 4 people annually.

    每年死亡數千人。相比之下,鯊魚每年大約會殺死4人。

  • One mosquito species in particular, Aedes aegypti, can spread several diseases like

    尤其是一種蚊子,埃及伊蚊,可以傳播幾種疾病,如

  • dengue, zika, and yellow fever and is considered a serious threat to public health. So much

    登革熱、寨卡和黃熱病,並被認為是對公眾健康的嚴重威脅。這麼多

  • so that the Florida Keys Mosquito Control throws over $1 million dollars and six pesticide

    以致於佛羅里達群島蚊子防治投下100多萬美元和6種殺蟲劑。

  • spraying aircraft at them each year. Despite eating up about a tenth of their budget, these

    每年向他們噴灑飛機。儘管耗費了其預算的十分之一,但這些

  • efforts only reduce the Aedes aegypti population by 30 to 50%.

    這些努力只能減少30-50%的伊蚊數量。

  • So, years ago the local government came to the conclusion that they couldn't go on

    所以,多年前,當地政府得出的結論是,他們不能再繼續下去了。

  • spraying their way out of trouble, and in 2012 they contacted the company Oxitec. At

    噴霧的方式來擺脫困境,2012年他們聯繫了奧克西特公司。在

  • the time, Oxitec was developing a genetically modified male Aedes aegypti mosquito designated

    當時,Oxitec正在開發一種轉基因的雄性伊蚊,命名為

  • OX513A that would die before it reached adulthoodunless it developed in water containing

    OX513A在成年之前就會死亡--除非它在含水的水中發育。

  • the antibiotic tetracycline. The thinking was if these males matured in a lab and were

    的抗生素四環素。他們的想法是,如果這些雄性在實驗室裡成熟,並且是

  • then turned loose in the wild, they would mate and their offspring would inherit the

    然後在野外放生,它們會交配,而它們的後代會繼承這個家族的血統

  • modified genes and die in antibiotic-free standing water when they hatched.

    改造了基因,孵化時死在無抗生素的常水裡。

  • Starting in 2009, Oxitec's mosquitoes began testing in the Cayman Islands, Panama, and

    從2009年開始,Oxitec的蚊子開始在開曼群島、巴拿馬和澳洲進行測試。

  • Brazil. But there were concerns about whether mosquitoes bred to survive only in the presence

    巴西。但有人擔心蚊子是否只在有蚊子的情況下才會繁殖生存。

  • of antibiotics would spread antibiotic resistant bacteria. Others were worried about the consequences

    抗生素的使用會使抗生素抗藥性細菌擴散。另一些人則擔心後果

  • of some offspring surviving and passing on their modified genes. There's a chance the

    一些後代存活下來並傳遞他們的改良基因。有一個機會

  • offspring could survive if they hatched close to places like sewage treatment plants and

    如果它們在汙水處理廠等地方附近孵化,它們的後代可以生存下來。

  • citrus orchards where antibiotics can accumulate. In the last few years, Oxitec has developed

    柑橘果園,抗生素可能會在那裡積累。在過去的幾年裡,Oxitec 開發了

  • a new male mosquito that circumvents the issue of antibiotics. The updated breed, known by

    一種新的雄性蚊子,可以規避抗生素的問題。這種更新的品種,被稱為

  • the designation OX5034, mates with wild females as before. But instead of the offspring all

    命名為OX5034,與野生雌鳥交配如前。但後代不是全部

  • dying off, only the females die young. The male descendants that inherit the mutation

    死掉,只有雌性會夭折。繼承該突變的雄性後代。

  • can reach adulthood, mate, and continue the femicide for generations.

    可以達到成年,交配,並繼續殺害女性世代。

  • Oxitec claims the total number of modified males will decrease from one generation to

    Oxitec公司聲稱,改造後的雄性動物總數將從一代減少到另一代。

  • the next, eventually disappearing from the population altogether after 10 generations.

    下,最終在10代後完全從人口中消失。

  • In case you were wondering, the lifespan of an adult Aedes aegypti mosquito is between

    如果你想知道,一隻成年埃及伊蚊的壽命是介於1-2年之間。

  • two weeks to over a month. So, why are they targeting the female mosquitoes

    兩個星期到一個多月。那麼,他們為什麼要針對雌性蚊子呢?

  • in particular? Well, it's because male mosquitoes don't bite humans; instead, they can subsist

    特別是?嗯,這是因為雄性蚊子不會叮咬人類,相反,它們可以以人類為生。

  • off nectar. Only females draw blood because their eggs need it to mature, meaning that

    關閉花蜜。只有雌性才會抽血,因為它們的卵需要血來成熟,這意味著

  • females are the ones who can spread disease. That's why Oxitec's plan to release 750

    女性是可以傳播疾病的人。這就是為什麼Oxitec計劃發佈750個...

  • million mosquitoes into the Florida keys isn't as counterproductive as it sounds. They'll

    百萬只蚊子進入佛羅里達州的鑰匙 是不是適得其反,因為它的聲音。他們會

  • all be male, so the company isn't letting swarms of bloodsuckers loose on all of us.

    都是男的,所以公司不會讓成群的吸血蟲放任我們所有人。

  • Still, scientists have voiced concerns. Independent analysis of Oxitec's early trials in Brazil

    不過,科學家們還是表示了擔憂。對Oxitec在巴西的早期試驗進行了獨立分析。

  • with their antibiotic-dependent strain, showed that some offspring survived and mated again,

    與他們的抗生素依賴性品系,顯示一些後代存活並再次交配。

  • passing on genes to the local mosquitoes. The genes that were passed on weren't the

    把基因傳給當地的蚊子。傳遞的基因並不是... ...

  • transgenes that would kill offspring though, just markers that came from the Cuban and

    但會殺死後代的轉基因,只是來自古巴和的標記。

  • Mexican mosquitoes Oxitec bred to create their homme fatales. Oxitec thinks concerns are

    墨西哥蚊子Oxitec培育出他們的homme fatales。Oxitec公司認為擔心的是

  • overstated, saying they found about 3% of offspring in lab trials were viable.

    誇大其詞,說他們在實驗室試驗中發現大約3%的後代是可行的。

  • The company also claims there's no evidence that cross breeding strains would make the

    該公司還聲稱,沒有證據表明雜交育種菌株會使。

  • mosquitoes more harmful to humans or resistant to insecticides. But some scientists are worried

    蚊子對人類危害更大,或對殺蟲劑有抗性。但一些科學家擔心

  • making the gene pool more varied with DNA from other world regions would create hardier

    讓來自世界其他地區的DNA在基因庫中更加多樣化,將創造出更強壯的生命力。

  • bugs. Others are also concerned that killing off

    蟲子。也有人擔心,殺死

  • large numbers of Aedes aegypti could affect the local ecosystem and the animals that feed

    大量的埃及伊蚊可能會影響當地的生態系統和飼養的動物。

  • on mosquitoes. But Aedes aegypti represent 1% of the Florida Keys mosquito population,

    蚊子。但埃及伊蚊只佔佛羅里達群島蚊子數量的1%。

  • and are likely an invasive species that came to the Americas by ship.

    並很可能是一種入侵物種,通過船隻來到美洲。

  • This latest release is also not something that has been decided on a whim; the EPA has

    最新發布的這一消息也不是一時興起才決定的,環保局有

  • spent years studying the impacts that Oxitec's mosquitoes have on human and environmental

    花了多年時間研究Oxitec的蚊子對人類和環境的影響。

  • health, and seven Florida state agencies have given the latest trial unanimous approval.

    健康,而佛羅里達州的7個州級機構也給予了最新試驗的一致認可。

  • The antibiotic-resistant mosquito variety was also assessed by the FDA and in 2016,

    抗生素抗性的蚊子品種也被FDA評估,並在2016年。

  • they found it would have no significant negative impact. This second generation genetically

    他們發現它不會產生重大的負面影響。這第二代基因

  • modified mosquito has also already been tested in Brazil, where it temporarily reduced the

    改良後的蚊子也已經在巴西進行了測試,在那裡它暫時減少了蚊子的數量。

  • Aedes aegypti population by as much as 96%. Though the idea of intentionally releasing

    埃及伊蚊的數量高達96%。雖然故意釋放的想法

  • millions of lab-grown mosquitoes may sound like the plot of a B-grade horror movie to

    數百萬只實驗室培養的蚊子,聽起來像是B級恐怖片的情節。

  • some, lots of research and care has been put into their development. And remember: their

    一些,大量的研究和關懷已經投入到他們的發展。記住:他們的

  • release into the wild is another phase in their testing. If the releases prove ineffective

    釋放到野外是他們測試的另一個階段。如果證明放生無效

  • or harmful, plans for more widespread use can be nixed. Come 2021 — or 2022 — we'll

    或有害,更廣泛使用的計劃可以被取消。到了2021年--或者2022年--我們將。

  • see if they can help fight the spread of disease and reduce the need to spray pesticides over

    看看它們是否能幫助對抗疾病的傳播,並減少對農藥噴灑的需求。

  • the Florida Keys.

    佛羅里達群島。

  • While Florida has gotten all the attention, Oxitec has also gotten approval to release

    在佛羅里達州受到關注的同時,Oxitec公司也獲得了準許,發佈了 "Oxitec "品牌。

  • their little buzzers in Texas. While some are growing mosquitoes in a lab, others are

    他們的小嗡嗡聲在得克薩斯州。有些人在實驗室裡養蚊子,有些人則在實驗室裡養蚊子

  • trying to grow a tasty steak. Check out my video on the progress of lab-grown meat here!

    試圖種出美味的牛排。請看我的視頻,這裡是實驗室種肉的進展!

  • So do you think Oxitec and the EPA have done enough research,

    那麼你認為Oxitec和環保局是否做了足夠的研究。

  • or do you think that this tech isn't ready yet? Let us know in the comments, subscribe for

    還是你認為這項技術還沒有準備好?請在評論中告訴我們,訂閱

  • more science news, and I'll see you next time on Seeker.

    更多科學新聞,我們下次在探索者節目中再見。

In May of 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gave the greenlight to release hundreds

2020年5月,美國環境保護局開了綠燈,放出數百個

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