- Uh-oh. - Ow, ow, ow, ow.

- 嗯，哦。- 嗷，嗷，嗷，嗷，嗷。

The pain. Ready? Ah!

痛苦。準備好了嗎？啊！

We're in the middle

我們在中間

of an ancient lake basin,

的古湖盆地。

that scientists think

科學家認為

is one of the most Martian places on Earth.

是地球上最火星的地方之一。

And we're stuck.

而我們被卡住了。

We're stuck here because I had a question.

我們被困在這裡，因為我有一個問題。

NASA says the first humans

美國宇航局說，第一批人類

will set foot on Mars in the mid-2030s.

將在2030年代中期踏上火星。

It will be the most dangerous mission

這將是最危險的任務

any human has ever taken.

任何人類曾經採取。

My question is, what comes after that?

我的問題是，之後呢？

Mars!

火星！

Not how do we get there,

而不是我們如何去那裡。

but how do we survive, once we do?

但我們一旦生存下來，又該如何生存呢？

( music playing )

（音樂播放）

Okay, here we go.

好了，我們開始吧。

We've been dreaming about Mars for hundreds of years.

幾百年來，我們一直夢想著火星。

In the 1870s,

在19世紀70年代。

Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli

斯基亞帕雷利

mapped channels he saw on Mars.

繪製了他在火星上看到的頻道。

In Italian, channels are "canale."

在意大利語中，頻道是 "canale"。

The word was mistranslated into English as "canals,"

這個詞被錯誤地翻譯成英語 "canals"。

implying deliberate construction and flowing water.

意味著刻意的建設和流水。

Other scientists published their own maps,

其他科學家也發表了自己的地圖。

feeding this obsession with the idea

哺育這種痴迷的想法

that Mars could be a lot like Earth.

火星可能很像地球。

People were skeptical, but they sort of wanted it to be true.

人們都持懷疑態度，但他們有點希望這是真的。

It became a public obsession.

這成了公眾的困擾。

The L.A. Times ran this piece in 1907.

洛杉磯時報》在1907年刊登了這篇報道。

And I just love this headline in the New York Times.

我很喜歡《紐約時報》的這個標題。

They're just reporting on this stuff

他們只是在報道這些東西

as though there are Martians.

彷彿有火星人一樣。

This article includes a bit of reasoning.

這篇文章包括了一點道理。

People just want to believe.

人們只是想相信。

The movies they made in the early 1900s

他們在20世紀初拍攝的電影

depict a Mars that's not just habitable,

描繪了一個不僅適合居住的火星。

but inviting.

但誘人。

1918-- this is a silent film.

1918年--這是一部無聲電影。

A couple of guys get to Mars and, oh, surprise--

一對夫婦到了火星，哦，驚喜的是...

they find a ton of beautiful women.

他們找到一噸的美女。

They don't hate it.

他們不恨它。

- 1930. - So this is Mars!

- 1930. - 原來這就是火星！

We got a spot like this three miles from my hometown.

我們在離我家鄉三英里的地方找到了這樣一個地方。

1952.

1952.

Look at the canals.

看看運河。

This isn't so different than sci-fi today.

這和今天的科幻並沒有太大的區別。

But without any real pictures of Mars,

但沒有任何火星的真實照片。

there was still this sense of possibility.

還有這種可能性的感覺。

Maybe, just maybe,

也許，只是也許。

Mars would be something like home.

火星會是像家一樣的東西。

And then this happens.

然後就發生了這樣的事情。

In 1965, and then again in 1969,

1965年，又在1969年。

NASA sent spacecraft to fly by Mars

美國宇航局派航天器飛過火星

and send back scientific measurements

並傳回科學測量結果

and close-up photographs.

和特寫照片。

But the pictures of Mars

但火星的照片

showed a world of total desolation.

顯示了一個完全荒涼的世界。

There were no canals,

當時沒有運河。

no cities, no areas of cultivation.

沒有城市，沒有種植區。

No possibility of life.

沒有生命的可能。

I can't imagine how devastating

我無法想象有多大的破壞力

that must have been.

那一定是。

I've only ever lived in a time

我只在一個時代生活過

when we had pictures of Mars.

當我們有火星的照片。

Those images were concrete proof

這些影像是具體的證據

that Mars wasn't going to be the second home

火星不會成為第二個家的

that some kind of still hoped for.

那某種還希望。

But we never stopped obsessing about life on Mars.

但我們從未停止過對火星生命的痴迷。

♪ Is there life on Mars? ♪

* 火星上有生命嗎? *

That YouTube clip, David Bowie's music video for "Life On Mars,"

那段YouTube視頻，大衛-鮑伊的 "火星上的生活 "音樂視頻，

had its highest view-day

的最高瀏覽日

when Mars was visible in the night sky

火星出現時

in January 2019.

在2019年1月。

We're still looking up at the Red Planet

我們還在仰望紅色星球。

and wondering about life surviving there.

並想知道在那裡生存的生命。

So let me show you what we actually now know about Mars.

所以，讓我來告訴你，我們現在對火星的實際瞭解。

( music playing )

（音樂播放）

We're about to head out into that desert,

我們就要進入沙漠了。

because we're accompanying astrobiologist Kennda Lynch

因為我們要陪同天體生物學家Kennda Lynch

as she does research into extremophiles,

因為她對極端愛好者進行研究。

which are microbial life that live in, well,

這是微生物生命，生活在，嗯。

extreme environments like this one.

像這樣的極端環境。

And we're going to ride those ATVs,

我們要去騎那些ATV。

and I've never ridden one before.

而我從來沒有騎過。

- Uh-oh. - Yeah, we're going to have to stop.

- 嗯，哦。- 是的，我們將不得不停止。

- Nah, he's stuck. Yep. - We'll get out.

- 不，他被卡住了 - 是的我們會出去的

Cleo: Since we're stuck, I'm going to tell you

克萊奧既然我們卡住了，我要告訴你

a little bit about where we are.

一點點關於我們在哪裡。

This place is one of the closest analogs that we have

這個地方是我們擁有的最接近的類似物之一。

to the type of environment that Mars used to have.

到火星過去的那種環境。

Mars was once a wet planet.

火星曾經是一顆溼潤的星球。

It had liquid water on its surface.

它的表面有液態水。

When all that water went away,

當所有的水都消失了。

Mars still had an abundance of groundwater that stayed liquid,

火星上還有豐富的地下水，保持著流動性。

and we still think it might be there

我們仍然認為它可能在那裡

in the deep subsurface today-- very, very deep.

在今天的深層地下，非常，非常深。

So this is a good model for us to understand

所以，這是一個很好的模式，我們可以理解為

how life would've survived in this kind of environment on Mars.

生命是如何在火星上的這種環境中生存的。

- Cleo: It certainly looks Martian. - Yeah.

- 克萊奧 它當然看起來火星人。- 是啊 Yeah.

Hey, Camille, you want to get some gloves on?

嘿，卡米爾，你要不要戴上手套？

- We're going to do some science here. - All right.

- 我們要在這裡做一些科學。- 好吧，我知道了

So we're just going to go ahead and take a nice surface core

所以，我們要繼續前進，並採取一個漂亮的表面核心。

so we can actually do some really heavy DNA extraction

是以，我們實際上可以做一些真正的重DNA提取。

and look at who's living in these sediments and what they're eating.

看看誰生活在這些沉積物中 它們在吃什麼？

And what is it about the microbes that are living in these sediments

那生活在這些沉積物中的微生物又是什麼呢？

and what they're eating that makes it useful for,

以及他們所吃的東西，使得它的作用。

potentially, humans to survive on a place like Mars?

潛在的，人類在火星這樣的地方生存？

Well, if we can understand how life survives on Mars,

好吧，如果我們能瞭解生命是如何在火星上生存的。

then we can understand how better to survive ourself.

那麼我們就可以明白如何更好的生存自己。

We're trying to study these microbes called perchlorate reducers.

我們試圖研究這些被稱為高氯酸鹽還原劑的微生物。

On this perchlorate, it's a chlorine molecule

在這個高氯酸鹽上，它是一個氯分子

surrounded by four oxygen molecules.

由四個氧分子包圍。

It's toxic to humans, and Mars has a lot of perchlorate.

它對人類是有毒的，火星上有很多高氯酸鹽。

The number one thing we want to use on Mars is water on Mars,

我們想在火星上使用的第一件事就是火星上的水。

and perchlorate likes to go wherever there's water.

而高氯酸鹽喜歡到有水的地方去。

So we're going to have to figure out how to get the perchlorate

所以我們要想辦法把高氯酸鹽弄到手。

out of the water if we want to use that water.

出的水，如果我們想使用這些水。

It would help us to learn how microbes can kind of mitigate

這將有助於我們瞭解微生物如何能種緩解

things like perchlorate, and maybe we can use that knowledge to help us

像高氯酸鹽，也許我們可以利用這些知識來幫助我們。

detox the resources that we want

排除我們想要的資源

to pull out and use from the Mars environment.

以從火星環境中提取和使用。

We want to live within the environment of Mars.

我們要在火星的環境中生活。

We want to utilize resources on Mars to help us live,

我們要利用火星上的資源來幫助我們生活。

because we can't take everything we need with us.

因為我們不能把所有需要的東西都帶走。

Okay, so Kennda's research will help us

好吧 肯達的研究可以幫助我們...

use Martian materials to survive on Mars.

利用火星材料在火星上生存。

But the soil isn't the first thing

但土壤不是第一件事

that would kill us when we get there.

等我們到了那裡會死的。

Hey.

嘿嘿

Ooh.

哦。

This is Mars today.

這就是今天的火星。

It's about half the size of Earth.

它的大小約為地球的一半。

But it has all of the basics

但它有所有的基礎知識

that we think are necessary to support life.

我們認為是維持生命所必需的。

It has an energy source from sunlight, water,

它的能量來源是陽光、水。

it has ice on the poles.

它的極點上有冰。

And it has a few key elements--

而且它有幾個關鍵的元素 --

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen.

碳、氮、氫、氧。

But for us, there's a slightly crucial piece that's missing.

但對我們來說，還缺少一個稍微關鍵的環節。

Mars' atmosphere is about one percent as dense as Earth's,

火星的大氣層密度約為地球的百分之一。

meaning that if you stood on the surface of Mars,

意思是說，如果你站在火星表面。

the pressure exerted on you by the atmosphere would be very low.

大氣層對你施加的壓力會很低。

Now, that might not sound so bad, but it's a big problem.

現在，這可能聽起來不那麼糟糕，但這是一個大問題。

This is the boiling point of water

這是水的沸點

as a function of atmospheric pressure.

作為大氣壓力的函數。

Okay, so the more pressure,

好吧，所以壓力越大。

- the higher the boiling point. - Exactly.

- 沸點越高。- 正是如此。

Earth is here.

地球在這裡。

- Joss: Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. - Correct.

- 喬絲水在華氏212度時沸騰。- 正確

- And that's at sea level. - At sea level.

- 這是在海平面上。- 在海平面上。

That works out great for us

這對我們來說很好

because our resting body temperature

因為我們的靜止體溫

is about 98.6 degrees

約為98.6度

- Joss: I know that from a gum commercial. - ( Cleo laughs )

- 喬絲我知道，從口香糖廣告。- （Cleo笑）

This gap keeps us alive.

這個缺口讓我們活了下來。

- Mars is here. - Whoa!

- 火星來了- 哇！

What this is telling us is that because the temperature

這告訴我們的是，因為溫度的原因

at which water boils on Mars

火星上的水沸點

is significantly lower than our average body temperature,

比我們的平均體溫低很多。

if you stood on Mars, the water inside of your body

如若你站在火星上，你身體裡的水就會變成水

would just start to spontaneously boil inside of you.

就會開始自發地在你體內沸騰。

- Oh, no! - Which sounds like a really painful way to die.

- 這聽起來是很痛苦的死法

That's why you need a suit, right?

這就是為什麼你需要一套西裝，對吧？

That's why you need a suit.

這就是為什麼你需要一套西裝。

The next thing that's going to kill you is the air itself,

下一個要命的就是空氣本身。

because there's not enough oxygen for you to breathe.

因為沒有足夠的氧氣讓你呼吸。

And if you didn't suffocate, you'd freeze.

如果你沒有窒息，你會被凍死。

Mars is really cold.

火星真的很冷。

The average temperature on Mars

火星上的平均溫度

is -81 degrees Fahrenheit.

是零下81華氏度。

Oh, jeez.

哦，天啊

So you're freezing, but your blood's boiling

所以，你凍僵了，但你的血液在沸騰。

and you can't breathe.

你不能呼吸。

- Yes. Exactly. - Cool.

- 是的，就是這樣。沒錯，就是這樣- 涼爽。

- Cool. - Let's do it.

- 很好，就這麼辦吧- 我們開始吧

Short-term survival in these conditions

在這些條件下的短期生存

is a tough engineering problem,

是一個艱難的工程問題。

but NASA's pretty convinced that we can do it.

但美國宇航局非常相信我們可以做到這一點。

Basically, they say that we can protect ourselves

基本上，他們說，我們可以保護自己

as long as we live in enclosed environments

只要我們生活在封閉的環境中

and only go outside in space suits,

而且只能穿著太空服到外面去。

kind of like in the movie "The Martian."

就像在電影 "火星人 "中一樣。

You gotta science the ( bleep ) out of it.

你得把它科學化。

There's a lot of radiation on Mars,

火星上有很多輻射。

and one of the theories is that we could protect ourselves

其中一個理論是，我們可以保護自己

- by living underground. - Does radiation go through the domes?

- 由生活在地下。- 輻射會穿過穹頂嗎？

- Ideally, not. - Okay.

- 理想情況下，不是。- 好吧，我知道了

I asked NASA scientist Chris McKay

我問過美國宇航局的科學家Chris McKay

about our chances for short-term survival.

關於我們短期生存的機會。

Really nice to meet you. Thanks for taking the time.

很高興認識你謝謝你抽出時間。

- I'll just dive right in. - Yeah, please.

- 我就直奔主題了- 是啊，請。

How do we know that we can do the short-term survival on Mars?

我們怎麼知道我們可以在火星上進行短期生存？

We've done experiments on space station

我們在空間站做過實驗

where we've put astronauts in space for a year,

在那裡，我們已經把太空人在空間一年。

which is roughly the time it takes to get to Mars.

這大約是到達火星所需的時間。

So, we're not at the hundred percent confidence level,

所以，我們還沒有達到百分之百的信心水準。

but we're pretty sure that we could tough it out,

但我們很確定我們能堅持下來。

send a crew to Mars.

派遣船員前往火星。

They could survive the long trip.

他們可以在長途旅行中生存下來。

They'd be functional on the surface for some period of time.

它們在表面上會有一段時間的功能。

It wouldn't necessarily be easy, but it would be doable.

雖然不一定容易，但也是可以做到的。

We think all the pieces as we understand are in place.

我們認為，我們所理解的所有環節都已經到位。

It turns out the thornier question isn't what happens

原來更棘手的問題並不是發生了什麼事

after we land and plant the flag,

在我們降落並插上國旗之後。

but how we as humans would consider

但我們人類如何看待

long-term survival on a planet like Mars.

在火星這樣的星球上長期生存。

And a few scientists have a pretty out-there idea

而一些科學家也有一個很出格的想法。

about how to do that.

關於如何做到這一點。

There's too little oxygen, no liquid water,

氧氣太少，沒有液態水。

and too much ultraviolet light.

和過多的紫外線。

But all that could be solved

但這一切都可以解決

if we could make more air.

如果我們能製造更多的空氣。

Transforming the Martian environment itself,

改變火星環境本身。

terraforming Mars.

在火星上進行地面改造。

Eventually, you could transform Mars.

最終，你可以改造火星。

into an Earth-like planet.

變成一個類似地球的星球。

- Just warm it up. - With a blanket or with what?

- 暖暖身子吧- 用毯子還是用什麼？

There's the fast way and the slow way.

有快的方法，也有慢的方法。

Carl Sagan, Robert Zubrin, and Elon Musk

卡爾-薩根、羅伯特-祖布林和埃隆-馬斯克

are the three most prominent figures

三巨頭

who think we can survive on a barren planet like Mars

誰認為我們能在火星這樣一個貧瘠的星球上生存呢？

by changing it into something more like Earth-- terraforming it.

把它變成更像地球的東西... ... 形成地球。

Proponents of this idea say it's a three-step process.

支持這一觀點的人說，這是一個三步走的過程。

Step one, create the magnetosphere.

第一步，建立磁層。

Every day, we should all thank the huge magnetic fields that surround Earth.

每天，我們都應該感謝環繞地球的巨大磁場。

They make up the Earth's magnetosphere,

它們構成了地球的磁層。

which is what stops deadly particle blasts from the sun,

這就是阻止來自太陽的致命粒子爆炸的原因。

innocuously called solar winds,

無辜地稱為太陽風。

from ripping away our atmosphere.

從撕開我們的大氣層。

Mars doesn't have a magnetosphere,

火星沒有磁層。

which is one reason why its atmosphere is so thin.

這也是其大氣層如此稀薄的原因之一。

But scientists at NASA

但美國宇航局的科學家

think there might be a way to create one.

我想也許有辦法創造一個。

You could put a satellite that produces

你可以放一顆衛星，產生

a very strong magnetic field between Mars and the sun

強磁場

so it protects the Martian atmosphere behind it.

所以它保護了後面的火星大氣層。

Step two, build the atmosphere.

第二步，營造氛圍。

By adding carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,

通過在大氣中加入二氧化碳。

you could warm up the planet by trapping infrared light,