Friedrich Hayek, a tweedy, Austrian-born economist,

弗里德里希-哈耶克，一個出生於奧地利的騷人，經濟學家。

had one of those light bulb moments in the mid 1930s

在20世紀30年代中期，有一個燈泡的時刻。

and switched on an ideology that unites its enemies in scorn,

並開啟了一種聯合敵人進行蔑視的意識形態。

but has inspired governments and entrepreneurs down the decades -

但幾十年來卻激勵著各國政府和企業家------。

neoliberalism.

新自由主義。

The idea was built on the classical liberalism of the 18th Century

這一思想建立在18世紀古典自由主義的基礎上

and a defence of individual liberty..

捍衛個人自由...

protecting private property and the freedom of markets

保護私有財產和市場自由

from external interference -

不受外界干擾

taxes, regulations, levies -

稅、條例、徵收 -

as much as possible.

儘可能多的。

Neoliberalism argued

新自由主義認為

that the market wasn't just an absence of interference,

的市場並不僅僅是沒有干擾。

it could produce a philosophy or a way of thinking all of its own.

它可以產生一種屬於自己的哲學或思維方式。

That meant looking at the world and at transactions in daily life

這就意味著在日常生活中要看清世界和交易情況

through the eyes of the market.

通過市場的眼光。

You can glimpse this, for instance,

比如說，你可以瞥見這一點。

when I say, “I'm in the market for a beer” -

當我說，"我在市場上的啤酒"。

showing that we've internalised the idea of a market for other values.

說明我們已經內化了其他價值的市場觀念。

Nowadays, you probably hear the word neoliberalism

現在，你可能會聽到新自由主義這個詞。

used more as a term of abuse -

罵人

hurled by opponents at economic globalisers, nasty bankers

反對者對經濟全球化者、下流銀行家的謾罵。

or governments limiting spending on public works or welfare.

或政府限制公共工程或福利的開支。

The word neo, or new,

新，即新字。

has morphed into a way of signalling...

已經變成了一種信號的方式... ...

It's the nearest thing economic terminology has to a rotten tomato.

這是經濟術語中最接近爛番茄的東西。

But neoliberalism isn't just a dirty word -

但新自由主義不只是一個骯髒的詞----。

it's an entire mindset of approaches

這是一種整體的思維方式

to the way state and market interact with our aspirations -

國家和市場與我們的願望互動的方式-----------------------------------。

emphasising privatisation over state control,

強調私有化而非國家控制；

as the best way to deliver public services.

作為提供公共服務的最佳途徑，

The advent of neoliberalism

新自由主義的出現

led to one of the great punch-ups of economists -

導致了經濟學家們偉大的衝鋒陷陣之一--。

between Hayek and his best frenemy John Maynard Keynes.

哈耶克和他最好的敵人約翰-梅納德-凱恩斯之間。

Keynes argued that government should get involved

凱恩斯認為，政府應該參與其中

in increasing demand to keep productivity up,

的需求越來越大，以保持生產力。

and unemployment down.

和失業率下降。

Hayek dismissed Keynes as “knowing very little about economics”,

哈耶克斥責凱恩斯 "對經濟學知之甚少"。

and he wrote a snotty book review of one of Keynes's major works.

他還為凱恩斯的一部重要著作寫了一篇涕泗橫流的書評。

Despite their bickering though,

儘管他們爭吵不休。

their competing ideas - Keynesianism and neoliberalism -

他們相互競爭的思想--凱恩斯主義和新自由主義；

remain the seesaw of big thinking in practical economics.

依然是實用經濟學大思維的蹺蹺板。

Keynesianism won for a good while after World War Two,

二戰後，凱恩斯主義贏了好一陣子。

but by the end of the 1970s,

但到了70年代末，。

public sector strikes and worries about “stagflation” -

公共部門罷工和對 "滯脹 "的擔憂------。

an ugly combo of stagnation and inflation -

停滯和通貨膨脹的醜陋組合----。

persuaded some mould-breakers to look back to neoliberalism

勸說一些破模者回過頭來看看新自由主義。

as a way to perk up flagging economies.

作為振奮疲軟經濟的一種方式。

Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher led the way in embracing the notion.

羅納德-里根和瑪格麗特-撒切爾率先接受了這一理念。

And, so did the ruthless dictator Augusto Pinochet in Chile -

智利的殘酷獨裁者奧古斯托-皮諾切特也是這樣做的--。

which rather marked down the democratic scorecard

頗為低調的民主記分卡

of neoliberalism.

的新自由主義。

The financial crash of 2007/8

2007/8年的金融風暴

created a more testing mood towards de-regulation

營造了一種更加考驗人的心情，對去監管

and neoliberalism gained a bad rep,

和新自由主義獲得了不好的名聲。

because it was taxpayers who had to bail out the banks.

因為是納稅人不得不拯救銀行。

But there's a broader, cultural reason

但還有一個更廣泛的，文化上的原因

neoliberalism gets it in the neck right now.

新自由主義得到它的脖子現在。

Inevitably, it leads to such fast-paced,

難免會導致這樣的快節奏。

uncontrolled globalisation,

不受控制的全球化。

because it does away with barriers to trade and to financial flows.

因為它消除了貿易和資金流動的障礙。

It prizes the innovative above continuities.

它獎勵的是高於連續性的創新。

So you could say it puts the corporation above the nation.

所以你可以說它把公司置於國家之上。

But the globalised world we inhabit -

但我們所居住的全球化世界

one of start-ups, the ability to move money and borrow cheaply,

創業公司之一，能動用資金，借貸便宜。

and companies operating across borders -

跨國經營的公司----

owes a lot to the Austrian, Friedrich Hayek,

歸功於奧地利人弗里德里希-哈耶克。

and his light bulb moment.

和他的燈泡時刻。

Thanks for watching! :)

謝謝你的觀看!:)

Don't forget to subscribe and click the bell to receive notifications for new videos. See you again soon!

不要忘記訂閱並點擊鈴鐺接收新視頻的通知。我們很快會再見面的