Just like that, the universe burst into existence, and we can still see the remnants of this

就這樣，宇宙爆發了，我們現在還能看到這個殘餘的東西

event's afterglow in the form of cosmic microwave background radiation.

事件的餘暉以宇宙微波背景輻射的形式出現。

But between then and today, there's a lot of time unaccounted for.

但從那時到今天，有很多時間沒有計算在內。

Now after 20 years of mapping the night sky, one project has filled in an 11 billion year

現在經過20年的夜空測繪，一個項目填補了110億年的空白

gap in our knowledge of the universe's history.

在我們對宇宙歷史的認識上存在著差距。

The project in question is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, or SDSS, and since the year 2000,

有關項目是斯隆數字天空調查，即SDSS，自2000年以來。

its relatively small two and a half meter telescope in New Mexico has been regularly

其位於新墨西哥州的相對較小的2.5米望遠鏡已經被定期地安裝在新墨西哥州。

studying the sky with the goal of creating the most detailed map of the observable universe

研究天空的目標是創造出最詳細的可觀測宇宙圖。

ever.

曾經。

The quality of the data the SDSS has produced in that time has made it one of the most influential

在這段時間裡，SDSS所產生的數據品質使其成為最有影響力的機構之一。

tools in cosmology.

宇宙學的工具。

The SDSS has actually released four sets of observational data over the years.

事實上，SDSS多年來已經發布了四套觀測數據。

The first one took place over 5 years and measured the spectra of over 700,000 celestial

第一場歷時5年，測量了70多萬個天體的光譜。

objects.

對象。

SDSS-II lasted another three years and achieved the original goal of imaging half the northern

SDSS-II又持續了三年，實現了對一半的北部地區進行成像的原定目標。

sky and mapping the three dimensional arrangement of 1 million galaxies.

天，並繪製100萬個星系的三維排列圖。

SDSS-III introduced new instruments to conduct four surveys, including the Baryon Oscillation

SDSS-III引入了新的儀器，以進行四項調查，其中包括巴里昂振盪。

Spectroscopic Survey, or BOSS.

光譜調查，即BOSS。

BOSS mapped out the distribution of luminous red galaxies and quasars to measure the baryonic

BOSS繪製了發光的紅色星系和類星體的分佈圖，以測量雙子星系。

acoustic scale created by ripples in the very early universe.

在很早的宇宙中，由波紋產生的聲級。

Back in the beginning, heavy subatomic particles like protons called baryons were caught in

早在一開始，像質子這樣的重亞原子粒子，被稱為重子，被捲入了

a tug of war.

拔河比賽。

Gravity pulled them together while outward pressure from photon interactions pushed them

重力把它們拉在一起，而光子相互作用產生的外壓則把它們推到一起。

away.

走了。

These baryonic oscillations made waves that eventually formed structures like the walls

這些雙子振盪產生的波浪，最終形成了像牆壁一樣的結構。

of galaxies and the voids of nothingness we can see in the universe today.

星系和我們今天在宇宙中能看到的虛無的空洞。

By establishing the scale of these oscillations, BOSS laid the groundwork to probe deeper into

通過建立這些振盪的規模，BOSS為更深入地探究下列問題奠定了基礎

the history of the universe than ever before.

宇宙的歷史比以往任何時候都要精彩。

The fourth and most recent observations for the SDSS started in 2014 and has wrapped up

第四次也是最近一次的SDSS觀測始於2014年，並已結束。

in 2020.

在2020年。

Observations in the northern hemisphere have been finalized and tons of new data have just

北半球的觀測已經完成，大量的新數據剛剛完成。

been released.

已被釋放。

When one component, the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey or eBOSS, was combined

當一個組成部分，即擴展的重子振盪光譜測量（eBOSS），被合併到一起時。

with past phases of the SDSS, it was able to measure the expansion of the universe through

與過去的SDSS階段，它能夠通過測量宇宙的膨脹。

almost 80% of its history, going back 11 billion years.

幾乎80%的歷史，可以追溯到110億年前。

That's a huge chunk of time that until now had been unknown to us.

這是一個巨大的時間塊，直到現在我們還不知道。

Mapping the evolution of the universe to this degree has revealed some intriguing insights.

將宇宙的演變映射到這種程度，揭示了一些耐人尋味的見解。

For example, SDSS-IV has helped us hone in on and measure the geometrical curvature of

例如，SDSS-IV幫助我們磨練和測量了下列物體的幾何曲率。

the universe.

宇宙。

I know “curvature of the universe” is a pretty tantalizing phrase, but I'll let

我知道 "宇宙的曲率 "是個很誘人的詞，但我讓

you down quickly: it's looking more and more like it's flat.

你很快就下來了：它看起來越來越像平的。

But the latest survey isn't just putting mysteries to bed, it's also stirring up

但最新的調查不僅讓謎團浮出水面，還激起了人們的興趣

some tough questions.

一些棘手的問題。

While the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang, that expansion appears to have

雖然宇宙自大爆炸以來一直在膨脹，但這種膨脹似乎已

started accelerating about 6 billion years ago, and has only gotten faster since.

大約60億年前開始加速，此後才越來越快。

Today's rate of expansion, known as the Hubble Constant, seems to be about 10% lower

今天的膨脹率，被稱為哈勃常數，似乎要低10%左右。

if measured with distant galaxies compared to local measurements.

如果用遙遠的星系測量與在地測量相比。

Now, it doesn't make much sense to have a constant that's well… not constant.

現在，它沒有太大的意義 有一個常數，嗯... ... 不常。

This so-called “Hubble Tension” has been roiling the field of cosmology... and the

這個所謂的 "哈勃張力 "一直在轟動宇宙學領域... ...

new data provided by SDSS-IV hasn't clarified anything just yet.

SDSS-IV提供的新數據還沒有澄清任何事情。

Still, after 20 years, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey is showing no signs of stopping.

不過，在20年後，斯隆數字天空調查仍沒有停止的跡象。

The fifth incarnation SDSS-V starts this fall and will map the Milky Way, the galaxies around

第五次化身SDSS-V將於今年秋天開始，並將繪製銀河系和周圍星系的地圖。

us, and supermassive black holes.

我們，以及超大品質黑洞。

If the fifth survey is anything like the previous 4, it will reveal parts of the cosmos that had

如果第五次調查和前四次一樣，它將揭示出宇宙中曾有過的部分。

been previously unseen, and have a lasting legacy on scientific study for years to come.

是以前未曾見過的，並在今後的歲月裡對科學研究產生了持久的影響。

The value of the Hubble Constant is a major problem for astronomers and cosmologists.

哈勃常數的數值是天文學家和宇宙學家的一大難題。

Check out my video on why we can't agree on its value here.

在這裡看看我的視頻，為什麼我們不能就其價值達成一致。

I only mentioned the telescope in New Mexico, but shoutout to the Las Campanas Observatory

我只提到了新墨西哥州的望遠鏡，但對拉斯-坎帕納斯天文臺大加讚賞。

in Chile that joined SDSS-IV and is still taking observations until September 2020.

在智利加入了SDSS-IV，並且在2020年9月之前仍在進行觀測。

If you like this video, don't forget to subscribe.

如果你喜歡這個視頻，別忘了訂閱。

Let us know your thoughts down in the comments, and I will see you next time on Seeker!

請在評論中告訴我們你的想法，我們下次在《求是》節目中再見!