impacts of COVID-19 vary widely by race. Although genetic factors have been considered by some

COVID-19的影響因種族不同而有很大差異。雖然有些人認為遺傳因素是一個很重要的因素。

as an underlying cause, it's clear from the overwhelming amount of public health data

作為一個潛在的原因，從大量的公共衛生數據中可以清楚地看出。

that something else is at play here. If we take the U.S. as an example,

這裡面還有別的東西在起作用。如果我們以美國為例。

Overall, white people still make up the largest percentage of U.S. deaths from COVID-19, but

總的來說，在美國死於COVID-19的人數中，白人仍佔最大比例，但。

white people also make up more than 76% of the total U.S. population.

白人也佔美國總人口的76%以上。

About 13% of the country's population is Black, but Black people make up roughly 22% of the deaths from

黑人約佔全國人口的13%，但黑人約佔死亡人數的22%。

COVID and that means that Black people in the U.S. are dying at a rate that's roughly

這意味著美國黑人的死亡速度大約是：

double their population share.  The disease is having a hugely disproportionate

他們的人口比例增加了一倍。 這種疾病正在產生巨大的不成比例的影響。

effect on Latinos and Asians compared to their population percentage. The Navajo nation

與拉美裔和亞裔的人口比例相比，對他們的影響更大。納瓦霍民族

had at one point the highest per capita rate of COVID-19 in the country.

曾一度是全國人均COVID-19的最高點。

So, before we get into what exactly is going on with COVID-19 in particular, we do need to

所以，在我們開始討論COVID-19到底是怎麼回事之前，我們確實需要。

clear a few things up. There are diseases that do have a genetic component that make

澄清一些事情。有的疾病確實有遺傳因素，使得

them more common in certain groups, right, like sickle cell anemia, for example.

他們在某些群體中更常見，對吧，比如鐮刀型細胞貧血。

Why is that?

為什麼會這樣？

When we think about things like sickle cell,

當我們想到鐮狀細胞這樣的東西。

that's a mutation that's protective against malaria. And so over time, people living in parts

那是一種對瘧疾有保護作用的突變。所以隨著時間的推移，人們生活在部分

of the globe where malaria is a real threat and risk have sort of selected for that mutation in

在全球範圍內，瘧疾是一個真正的威脅和風險已經排序選擇的突變在

time. There is certainly much evidence to show that

時間。當然，有很多證據表明

ancestry is probably the thing that we're short-cutting to when we talk about race.

祖先可能是我們在談論種族問題時的捷徑。

And so where people are from, their ancestors, there have been many, for example, adaptive

所以人們的祖先在哪裡，就有很多，比如，適應性的

mutations over time that are a response to the environment.

隨著時間的推移而發生的突變，是對環境的一種反應。

And there are genetic factors that play a role in how severely someone may be affected by

而且，遺傳因素對一個人可能受到的影響有多嚴重也有一定的作用。

COVID-19. That's not only your genetic lottery when it comes to underlying conditions that

COVID-19.這不僅是你的基因彩票，當涉及到基礎條件時，你的基因彩票。

might make it more difficult for you to handle or recover from this disease, but also specific

可能會讓你更難處理或恢復這種疾病，但也有特定的。

genetic variations in cell surface proteins that the virus latches onto. But these genetic

病毒所吸附的細胞表面蛋白的基因變化。但這些基因

variables that I'm talking about here aren't necessarily classifiable by race.

我在這裡說的變量不一定能按種族分類。

The conversation around COVID-19 and genetics, I think is an evolving one. And we will see

圍繞COVID-19和遺傳學的對話，我認為是一個不斷髮展的話題。我們將看到

what we learn regarding genetics and whether or not any genetic variance emerge as protective

我們所瞭解到的遺傳學知識，以及是否有任何遺傳變異作為保護性因素出現。

or as increasing risk. And then another layer is whether any of those are what we would

或作為增加風險。然後，另一層意思是，這些是否有我們所認為的

refer to as ancestry informative marker associated variants. So you might see those variants,

稱為祖先資訊標記相關變異。所以你可能會看到這些變異。

but they might be random. They might not actually be tied to ancestry at all. I think those

但他們可能是隨機的。他們可能不會真正被綁到祖先在所有。我認為這些

are very important and exciting questions that we just haven't answered yet.

是非常重要和令人興奮的問題，只是我們還沒有回答。

See, alleles are different 'flavors' of a gene, like how much and in what way that

你看，等位基因是一個基因的不同 "味道"，比如說該基因的多少和方式。

gene is expressed in an individual.  For example, all humans have genes that code

基因在個體中的表達。 例如，所有的人都有編碼的基因。

for hair, but what alleles we express determines how much, what color, what texture, etc. And this

為頭髮，但我們表達什麼等位基因決定了頭髮的多少，什麼顏色，什麼質地等等。而這

is an essential concept to grasp, because according to genetic research of allele makeup, there

是一個必須掌握的概念，因為根據等位基因構成的研究，有

is no evidence that the groups we divide into different races have any kind of distinct

沒有證據表明，我們劃分為不同種族的群體有任何形式的獨特的。

unifying genetic identities.  Ultimately, there's so much allelic variation

統一的遺傳身份。 歸根結底，有這麼多的等位基因變異

across and within races that two people of European descent, for example, may be more

在不同種族之間和種族內部，例如，兩個歐洲人後裔可能會更多地被認為是一個人。

genetically similar to a person of Asian descent than they are to each other. And many people may

在基因上與亞裔的相似度要高於他們之間的相似度。而許多人可能

respond to this by saying, so what about skin color? But the superficial attributes that we

對此的迴應是，那麼膚色呢？但我們的表面屬性

use to classify each other by race, like skin, eyes, and hair, may only seem like such big

膚色、眼睛、頭髮等人種分類，看起來好像只是大

divisions because they are so visible.  But the genes that code for these characteristics

分裂，因為它們是如此明顯。 但編碼這些特徵的基因

are only a tiny portion of our genome, and they evolved independently from most of the

只佔我們基因組的一小部分，而且它們是獨立於大部分基因組進化而來的。

rest of our genome, so they aren't inherently linked to other genetic traits. There may be

我們基因組的其他部分，所以它們與其他遺傳性狀沒有內在聯繫。可能有

a few exceptions to rules like this, like melanin expression in the skin affecting the likelihood

這樣的規則有幾個例外，比如皮膚中的黑色素表達會影響到皮膚的可能性

of developing skin cancer, but these are pretty rare, and ultimately—humans share

患皮膚癌的機率，但這些都是相當罕見的，最終人類共享的是

99.9% of each other's DNA. So, if race doesn't pre-determine our health

99.9%的對方的DNA。所以，如果種族沒有預先決定我們的健康狀況的話

on a genetic level in a vast majority of cases, then what accounts for the massive racial

在絕大多數情況下都是在基因層面上，那麼是什麼原因造成了大規模的種族衝突？

health disparities that we see in say, the U.S.?

我們看到的健康差異 在說，美國？

Black infant mortality is more than two times higher than white infant mortality. Pregnancy-related

黑人嬰兒死亡率是白人嬰兒死亡率的2倍以上。懷孕相關

mortality is 3-4 times higher in Black populations than in white populations. Black patients

黑人人口的死亡率是白人人口的3-4倍。黑人患者

experience significantly higher mortality rates for all kinds of surgeries and receive

各類手術的死亡率明顯升高，並接受

poorer treatment when it comes to pain management.  Similar trends in treatment disparities stand

在疼痛管理方面，治療效果較差。 類似的治療差異趨勢

out between white populations and other non-white populations—like Latinos, indigenous communities,

白人與其他非白人人口如拉美人、土著社區之間的矛盾。

and Asian subgroups. And this is across huge swathes of medical treatments and patient

和亞洲亞裔群體。而這是跨越了巨大的醫療和患者的大片。

outcomes. And all of this is evidence that even though race is not a genetically or scientifically

的結果。而這一切都證明，即使種族不是一個遺傳或科學上的。

valid concept, it's still a pervasive social construct that does have real-world impacts on health.

有效的概念，它仍然是一個普遍的社會構造，確實對健康產生了現實世界的影響。

We're having a reckoning now I think as a country with what has been a really intergenerational

我們現在有一個清算，我想作為一個國家與什麼一直是一個真正的代際

and systemic and structural disinvestment in communities of color.

以及有色人種社區的系統性和結構性投資減少；

And all of that means in terms of denied access to opportunity and resources and how that

所有這些都意味著被剝奪了獲得機會和資源的機會，以及這種情況是如何發生的。

manifests in social conditions that make the risk of infection higher for many black and

表現在社會條件上，使許多黑人和婦女受感染的風險更高。

brown individuals and neighborhoods, and then make the risk of severity that much higher

棕色的個人和社區，然後使嚴重性的風險大大增加。

too. And so, together I think it's important to state that we are learning a lot about

也是。所以，一起我覺得很重要的一點是，我們要聲明，我們正在學習很多關於。

this virus every day, but we will not discover at the end of the day that this is about biology

但我們不會在最後發現這是關於生物學的問題

or genetics when we look at the stark racial ethnic disparities.

或遺傳學，當我們看到鮮明的種族民族差異。

The coronavirus pandemic in particular is the perfect lens through which we see that

尤其是冠狀病毒的大流行，是我們看到的一個完美的鏡頭。

health is not so much about the actual bodies that we live in, but the social constructs

健康與我們生活在其中的實際身體無關，而是與社會結構有關。

that are imposed on those bodies.  Health is determined by your access to health

這些機構被強加給你的。 健康是由你獲得健康的機會決定的。

care and education, what language you speak, how much money you make, whether you can

護理和教育，你會說什麼語言，你賺多少錢，你是否能做到這一點。

afford to take time off of work to get seen by a doctor, whether you live alongside a

無論你是否和醫生住在一起，你都有能力請假去看病。

lot of people or just a few, whether your job requires you to interact with a lot of

很多人還是隻有幾個人，你的工作是否需要你與很多人互動。

people, and how your healthcare provider is going to treat you, literally. And we

人，以及你的醫療服務提供者將如何對待你，從字面上看。而我們

can't just consider these disparities in retrospect either: there are things we can actively

也不能只在事後考慮這些差距：有些事情我們可以積極地

do as we work toward future solutions to this pandemic, too.

在我們為今後解決這一流行病而努力時，我們也會這樣做。

I think it's important for us to do that work to make sure that we have a real diversity

我認為，我們必須開展這項工作，以確保我們有一個真正的多樣性。

in all the things that we're doing around trials, experimental therapy, access to that,

在所有的事情，我們正在做 圍繞試驗，實驗治療，訪問該。

things like vaccine creation. Representation matters in this work that we're doing. And

疫苗製造等事情。在我們所做的這項工作中，代表性很重要。而且

as we seek representation,  we do it with the full understanding of knowledge that institutionally,

當我們尋求代表權時，我們是在充分了解知識的情況下進行的，從制度上講：

we've earned mistrust from many people of color. Because of, frankly, our past — but

我們已經贏得了許多有色人種的不信任。因為，坦率地說，我們的過去--但。

also some of our present. So, we need to address that head on.

也是我們現在的一些。所以，我們需要正視這個問題。

Now, in this video we've focused on statistics that are unique to the United States, but

現在，在這段視頻中，我們把重點放在了美國特有的統計數據上，但是... ...

similar data from other countries shows that racial disparities in coronavirus infection

其他國家的類似數據顯示，冠狀病毒感染率的種族差異也很明顯。

and death rates exist in other places, too — like in the U.K., where South Asian and

和死亡率在其他地方也存在--比如在英國，南亞和。

Black populations tend to be the hardest hit. And all of these investigations are actually

黑人群體往往是重災區。而所有這些調查其實都是

kind of the beginning of the picture, because there are still numbers and stats missing, both

樣的畫面的開始，因為還有數字和數據缺失，都。

for accurate case counts and for race of the affected patient. So wherever you are in the

以求準確的病例數和患兒的種族。所以無論你在哪裡

world, you cannot consider the effects of any disease without also considering the underlying

世界上，你不能不考慮任何疾病的影響，而不考慮潛在的

societal inequities at play. Much of our modern world has been built on

社會不平等在發揮作用。我們的現代世界在很大程度上是建立在

a foundation of slavery and colonialism and to see the harmful, lingering echoes of those

奴隸制和殖民主義的基礎，並看到這些有害的、揮之不去的回聲。

racist institutions in today's society, like medicine, public health, all

當今社會的種族主義機構，如醫學、公共衛生，所有這些機構都有自己的特點。

we have to do...is look at the data.

我們要做的... 是看數據。

For more topics on COVID-19, check out our playlist here

關於COVID-19的更多主題，請點擊這裡查看我們的播放列表。

and if there's an aspect of the pandemic that you want to see us cover,

如果有一個方面的流行病 你想看到我們覆蓋，

let us know in the comments. Make sure you subscribe to Seeker for more and thanks for watching!

讓我們在評論中知道。請您一定要訂閱《求是》，瞭解更多內容，感謝您的觀看!