Our friend John Green will read a story from his podcast, "The Anthropocene Reviewed".

我們的朋友約翰·格林（John Green）將從他的播客中讀到一個故事：《人類世論評論》。

We hope you enjoy it and we'll be back with a regular video,

希望您喜歡它，我們會定期播放視頻，

Soon.

不久。

So if you've ever been or had a child, you will likely already be familiar with hand stencils.

因此，如果您去過或生過孩子，您可能已經很熟悉手工模具。

They were the first figurative art made by both our kids somewhere between the ages of 2 and 3.

它們是我們兩個孩子在2至3歲之間創作的第一批具象藝術。

My children spread the fingers of one hand out across a piece of paper, and then with the help of a parent,

我的孩子們將一隻手的手指張開在紙上，然後在父母的幫助下，

traced their five fingers.

撫摸著他們的五個手指。

I remember my son's face as he lifted his hand and looked absolutely

我記得兒子抬起手，看上去絕對是我的臉

shocked to see the shape of his hand still on the paper - a semi permanent record of himself.

震驚地看到他的手形仍留在紙上-他的半永久​​性記錄。

I am extremely happy that my children are no longer 3

我很高興我的孩子們不再3

and yet to look at their little hands from those early artworks is to be inundated with a strange,

但是從那些早期的作品中看他們的小手，卻被一種奇怪的，

soul splitting joy.

靈魂分裂的喜悅。

Those pictures remind me that they are not just growing up, but also growing away from me, running toward their own lives.

這些照片提醒我，他們不僅在成長，而且也遠離我，走向自己的生活。

But of course that's meaning I am applying to their hand stencils and that complicated

但是，這當然意味著我要應用到他們的手工模具上

relationship between art and its viewers is never more fraught than when we are looking deeply into the past.

當我們深入探究過去時，藝術與它的觀眾之間的關係從未如此緊張。

In September of 1940, an 18 year old mechanic named Marcel Ravidat

1940年9月，一位18歲的機械師名叫Marcel Ravidat

was walking his dog Robot in the countryside of southwestern France, when the dog disappeared down a hole.

當他的狗從一個洞中消失時，他正在法國西南部的鄉村walking狗。

Robot eventually returned, but the next day Ravidat went to the spot with three friends to explore the hole and

機器人最終回來了，但是第二天Ravidat和三個朋友一起去了那個地方，探索洞口，

after quite a bit of digging they discovered a cave with walls covered with paintings, including over

經過一番挖掘，他們發現了一個洞穴，牆壁上覆蓋著許多畫作，包括

900 paintings of animals: horses, stags, bison and also species that are now extinct, including a woolly rhinoceros.

900幅動物畫作：馬，鹿，野牛以及現已滅絕的物種，包括羊毛犀牛。

The paintings were astonishingly detailed and vivid with

這些畫的細節驚人而生動

red, yellow and black paint made from pulverized mineral pigments that were usually blown through a narrow tube,

由粉狀礦物顏料製成的紅色，黃色和黑色塗料，通常通過細管吹製，

possibly a hollowed bone, unto the walls of the cave.

可能是空心的骨頭，一直到洞壁。

It would eventually be established that these artworks were at least 17,000 years old.

最終可以確定這些藝術品至少有17,000年的歷史。

Two of the boys who visited the cave that day were so profoundly moved by the art they saw,

那天參觀洞穴的兩個男孩被他們所看到的藝術深深打動，

that they camped outside the cave to protect it for over a year.

他們在洞穴外面露營以保護它超過一年。

After World War II the French government took over protection of the site and the cave was open to the public in 1948.

第二次世界大戰後，法國政府接管了對該遺址的保護，該洞穴於1948年向公眾開放。

When Picasso saw the cave paintings on a visit that year he reportedly said,

據報導，當畢加索在那年訪問時看到這些洞穴壁畫時，他說：

''We have invented nothing.''

``我們什麼都沒發明。''

There are many mysteries at Lascaux. Why, for instance, are there no paintings of reindeer,

拉斯科有很多奧秘。例如為什麼為什麼沒有馴鹿畫，

which we know were the primary source of food for the Paleolithic humans who lived in that cave?

我們知道該洞穴中的舊石器時代人類的主要食物來源是什麼？

Why were they so much more focused on painting animals than painting human forms?

為什麼他們比繪畫人類形式更注重繪畫動物？

Why are certain areas of the cave filled with images, including pictures on the ceiling that required the building of scaffolding to create,

為什麼洞穴的某些區域充滿了圖像，包括天花板上需要搭建腳手架的圖片，

while other areas have only a few paintings?

而其他地區只有幾幅畫？

And were the paintings spiritual -- "here are our sacred animals"?

這些畫是否具有精神色彩-“這是我們的神聖動物”？

Or were they practical -- "Here is a guide to some of the animals that might kill you"?

還是它們很實用-“這是一些可能殺死您的動物的指南”？

Aside from the animals, there are nearly a thousand abstract signs and shapes

除了動物，還有近一千種抽象的符號和形狀

we cannot interpret, and also several "negative hand stencils" as they are known by art historians.

我們無法解釋，還有藝術史學家所熟知的幾種“負模版”。

These are the paintings that most interest me.

這些是我最感興趣的畫。

They were created by pressing one hand with fingers splayed against the wall of the cave and then blowing pigment,

它們是通過用一隻手張開的手指在洞壁上張開，然後吹入顏料而製成的，

leaving the area around the hand painted.

離開手繪區域。

Similar hand stencils have been found in caves around the world, from Indonesia to Spain to

從印尼到西班牙再到世界各地的洞穴中，都發現了類似的手工模具。

Australia to the Americas to Africa.

澳大利亞到美洲再到非洲。

We have found these memories of hands from 15 or 30 or even 40 thousand years ago.

我們已經發現了15、30甚至4萬年前的雙手記憶。

These hand stencils remind us of how different life was in the distant past.

這些模具讓我們想起了遙遠的過去。

Amputations likely from frostbite are common in Europe.

在歐洲，很可能因凍傷而截肢。

And so you often see negative hand stencils with three or four fingers. And life was short and difficult.

因此，您經常會看到三到四根手指的陰模。生活短暫而艱難。

As many as a quarter of women died in childbirth; around 50% of children died before the age of five.

多達四分之一的婦女死於分娩。大約50％的兒童在5歲之前死亡。

But they also remind us that the humans of the past were as human as we are.

但是他們也提醒我們過去的人類和我們一樣人類。

Their hands indistinguishable from ours.

他們的手與我們的手沒有區別。

These communities hunted and gathered and there were no large caloric surpluses.

這些社區狩獵和聚集，沒有大量的熱量過剩。

So every healthy person would have had to contribute to the acquisition of food and water, and yet somehow

因此，每個健康的人都必須為獲取食物和水做出貢獻，但是無論如何

they still made time to create art.

他們仍然花時間創作藝術。

Almost as if art isn't optional for humans.

幾乎好像藝術不是人類的選擇。

We see all kinds of hands stenciled on cave walls,

我們看到各種各樣的手在洞壁上模壓，

children and adults, but almost always the fingers are spread.

兒童和成人，但幾乎總是張開手指。

Like my kids' hand stencils.

就像我的孩子的手工模具。

I'm no Jungian.

我不是榮格人。

But it's fascinating and a little strange that so many Paleolithic humans,

但是這麼多舊石器時代的人很有趣，有點奇怪，

who couldn't possibly have had any contact with each other,

誰不可能有任何联系，

created the same paintings the same way --

以相同的方式創作相同的繪畫-

paintings that we are still making.

我們仍在創作的繪畫。

But then again, what the Lascaux art means to me is likely very different from what it meant to the people who made it.

但是話又說回來，Lascaux藝術對我來說意味著什麼，與它的創作者意味著什麼。

Some academics theorized that the hand stencils were part of hunting rituals.

一些學者理論認為，手工模具是狩獵儀式的一部分。

Then there's always the possibility that the hand was just a convenient model situated at the end of the wrist.

然後，總有可能手只是位於腕部末端的便捷模型。

To me, though,

對我來說

the hand stencils at Lascaux say, "I was here." They say, "You are not new."

拉斯科（Lascaux）的手工模具說：“我在這裡。”他們說：“您並不陌生。”

And because they are negative prints surrounded by red pigment, they also looked to me like something out of a horror movie.

而且由於它們是被紅色顏料包圍的負片，所以在我看來，它們也像恐怖電影中的東西一樣。

Like ghostly hands reaching up from some bloody background.

就像幽靈般的雙手從一些血腥的背景中伸出來。

They remind me that, as Alice Walker wrote, "All history is current."

他們提醒我，正如愛麗絲·沃克（Alice Walker）所說，“所有歷史都是最新的。”

The Lascaux cave has been closed to the public for many years now.

拉斯科洞穴已經對公眾開放多年了。

Too many contemporary humans breathing inside of it led to the growth of mold and lichens, which has damaged some of the art.

太多的現代人在其中呼吸，導致黴菌和地衣的生長，這破壞了某些藝術品。

Just the act of looking at something can ruin it, I guess.

我猜只是看東西的行為會毀了它。

But tourists can still visit an imitation cave called Lascaux II, in which the artwork has been

但是遊客仍然可以參觀一個名為Lascaux II的仿製洞穴，藝術品在其中

meticulously recreated.

精心打造。

Humans making fake cave art to save real cave art may feel like peak Anthropocene behavior.

為了保護真正的洞穴藝術品而製作假洞穴藝術品的人可能會感覺像人類世新紀元行為。

But I have to confess that even though I am a jaded and cynical

但是我不得不承認，即使我是一個疲憊不堪的人

semi-professional reviewer of human activity,

人類活動的半專業評論者，

I actually find it overwhelmingly hopeful, that four teenagers and a dog named Robot

我實際上非常希望，四個少年和一隻叫機器人的狗

discovered a cave with 17,000-year-old handprints, that the cave was so

發現了一個有17,000年曆史手印的洞穴，這個洞穴是如此

overwhelmingly beautiful that two of those teenagers devoted themselves to its protection.

壓倒性的美麗是其中兩個少年致力於保護它。

And that when we humans became a danger to that caves' beauty, we agreed to stop going.

而且當我們人類成為該洞穴的美麗的威脅時，我們同意停止前進。

Lascaux is there. You cannot visit.

拉斯科在那兒。您不能訪問。

You can go to the fake cave we've built, and see nearly identical hand stencils. But you will know

您可以去我們建造的假洞穴，看看幾乎相同的手工模具。但是你會知道

this is not the thing itself,

這不是事情本身，

but a shadow of it.

但它的陰影。

This is a handprint,

這是一個手印，

but not a hand.

但不是手。

This is a memory that you cannot return to.

這是您無法返回的記憶。

All of which makes the cave very much like the past it represents.

所有這些使洞穴非常像它所代表的過去。

We hope you enjoyed this video even if it was different.

我們希望您喜歡這個視頻，即使它與眾不同。

Check out John Green's podcast, "The Anthropocene Reviewed", where he poetically reviews the human world we live in.

查閱約翰·格林的播客節目《人類世論》，他在詩意中回顧了我們生活的人類世界。

John is a good friend of Kurzgesagt.

John是Kurzgesagt的好朋友。

In fact without his channel, Crash Course, that he and his brother Hank started years ago,

實際上，他和他的兄弟漢克（Hank）早在幾年前就沒有頻道Crash Course，

Kurzgesagt would not exist, because it was the original inspiration for what we do today.

Kurzgesagt將不存在，因為它是我們今天所做工作的原始靈感。

And over the years, John and Hank have helped us in a multitude of ways, from advice to just being friends.

多年來，約翰和漢克從建議到成為朋友，以多種方式為我們提供了幫助。

So check out "The Anthropocene Reviewed" or any of their many channels.

因此，請查看“人類世界評論”或他們的許多渠道。