(electric guitar music)

電路對於我來說，最酷的事情就是

- One of the coolest things I've discovered

如果有了一些創意，電路就能成為一種藝術形式。我能從電路中獲得靈感。

about circuits is, circuitry can be an art form.

所以，如果你有了一些主意，可以用技術來讓它們成為現實。

If I have a creative idea,

每個電腦的輸入輸出實際上都是信息，

I can get that creative idea out using circuits.

都能夠通過電子信號的開/關來表示

So, if you have ideas, you can use technology to make

或者叫做1和0

those ideas come to life.

為了處理像輸入一樣的信息，制造像輸出一樣的信息，

Every input or output of a computer is effectively

计算机需要改变和混合输入的信号。

a type of information, which can be represented

為了做到這一點， 電腦用了上百萬個很小的電子元件來組成電路。

by on or off electrical signals.

讓我們仔細看看電路是如何改變和處理用1和0表達的信息。

Or one's and zero's.

這是個非常簡單的電路。

In order to process the information that comes in,

它輸入一個電信號，開或關，然后反轉它。

as input, and the make the information that's output.

因此如果給它輸入1，電路會給你0，

A computer needs to modify and combine the input signals.

如果給它0，它會給你1。

To do this, a computer uses millions of tiny electronic

輸入的信號總是被輸出的信號所否定，因此我們將這個電路叫做“否”。

components, which come together to form circuits.

更復雜的電路可以輸入多個信號，然后合並起來，輸出一個不同的結果。

(upbeat music)

這個例子中，電路輸入兩個電信號，每個都可能是1或0 。

- Let's take a closer look at how circuits can modify

如果有任何一個信號是0，那麼結果也是0 。

and process information that's represented

這個電路隻會在第一個信號與第二個信號 都是1的情況下，

in one's and zero's.

才會輸出1，因此，我們將它叫做“與”。

This is an incredibly simple circuit.

有很多像這樣的小電路來執行簡單的邏輯計算。 （邏輯門）

It takes an electrical signal, on or off, and it flips it.

將這些電路連接到一起，就能制造出更復雜的電路，完成更復雜的計算。

So, if the signal you give it is a one,

例如，你可以將兩個位加到一起的電路叫做加法器。

the circuit gives it a zero.

這個電路輸入兩個獨立的比特，都可以是1或0，將它們加起來計算總和。

And if you give the circuit a zero, it gives you a one.

和可以是0加0等於0，

The signal that goes in, is not the same as the signal

0加1等於1，或1加1等於2。

that comes out.

你需要兩條線路來輸出，因為它需要兩個二進制數字來表示和。

And so, we call the circuit, not.

一旦你有了能將兩個比特信息相加的單個加法器。

- More complicated circuits can take multiple signals

你就能將多個加法器並排起來，將更大的數字加到一起。

and combine them, and give you a different result.

例如，這裡有一個8比特的加法器，將數字25和50加到一起。

In this example, a circuit will take two electrical signals.

每個數字都能表示為8比特，結果是傳入電路的16個不同的電信號。

Now, each one might be a one or a zero.

8比特的加法器內部電路還有很多小的加法器，它們一起來計算和。

If either of the signals coming in is a zero,

不同的電子電路能夠執行減法或乘法這樣的簡單計算。

then the result is also a zero.

事實上， 電腦處理所有的信息，都隻是將非常非常多的小操作合到一起。

This circuit will only give you a one

计算机完成的每个独立操作，都是如此简单，简单到人也能完成。

if the first signal and the second signal are both a one.

但是 電腦裡的電路非常非常的快。

And so, we call this circuit, and.

以前，這些電路又大又笨重。

There are many small circuits like this,

一個8比特的加法器像一個冰箱那麼大，而且需要數分鐘才能完成一個簡單的計算。

that perform simple, logical calculations.

今天的 電腦電路，需要用顯微鏡才能看清楚，而且非常非常的快。

But connecting these circuits together,

為什麼更小的 電腦更快呢？

we can make more complex circuits

因為電路越小，電信號要走的距離就越短。

that perform more complex calculations.

電子以光速運動，這是為什麼現代電路能夠每秒執行數十億次計算。

For example, you can make a circuit that adds two bits

因此，無論你玩游戲，錄視頻或者探索宇宙，

together called, an adder.

你讓技術解決的每件事，都需要非常快的處理大量的信息。

This circuit takes in two individual bits, each one, a one

在所有復雜事務的背后，都隻是大量微小的電路來將二進制信號轉換為

or a zero, and adds them together to calculate the sum.

網站、視頻、音樂和游戲。

The sum can be zero plus zero equals zero,

這些電路甚至能幫我們解碼DNA來診斷並治療疾病。

zero plus one equals one, or one plus one equals two.

那麼，你想用這些電路來做什麼呢？

You need two wires coming out because it can take up to two

字幕由Amara.org社區提供

binary digits to represent the sum.

Once you have a single adder for adding two bits of

information, you can put together multiples of these adder

circuits side by side to add together much larger numbers.

- For example, here's how an eight bit

adder adds the numbers 25 and 50.

Each number is represented using eight bits

resulting in 16 different electrical signals

that go into the circuit.

The circuit for an eight bit adder has lots of little adders

inside of it, which together, calculate the sum.

Different electrical circuits can perform other simple

calculations like subtraction or multiplication.

In fact, all the information processing your computer does

it's just lots and lots

of small simple operations put together.

Each individual operation done by a computer

is so, so simple, it could be done by a human.

But these circuits inside computers are way, way faster.

- Back in the day, these circuits were big and clunky.

An an eight bit adder could be as big as a fridge

and it would take minutes for them

to perform a simple calculation.

Today, computer circuits are microscopic in size

and way, way faster.

Why are smaller computers also faster?

- Well, because the smaller the circuit is,

the less distance the electrical signal has to go.

Electricity moves at just about the speed of light

which is why modern circuits can perform

billions of calculations per second.

- So, whether you're playing a game, recording a video,

or exploring the cosmos, everything you can possibly do with

technology requires lots of information

to be processed extremely quickly.

Underneath all this complexity,

is just lots of teeny little circuits that turn binary

signals into websites and videos, music and games.

These circuits can even help us

decode DNA to diagnose and cure disease.

(upbeat music)