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  • The attachment theory argues that a strong emotional and physical bond to one primary caregiver in our first years of life is critical to our development.

    依附理論主張在我們生命最初幾年,和主要照顧者建立強烈情感和身體接觸,對我們的發展至關重要。

  • If our bonding is strong and we are securely attached, then we feel safe to explore the world.

    如果我們的關係牢固,擁有安全的依附關係,那我們就有足夠的安全感去探索世界。

  • We know that there is always that safe base, which we can return to anytime.

    我們會知道永遠有一個安全的地方,讓我們可以隨時返回。

  • If our bond is weak, we feel insecurely attached.

    如果我們的關係薄弱,我們會感受到不安全的依附。

  • We are afraid to leave or explore a rather scary-looking world because we are not sure if we can return.

    我們害怕離開或探索看似可怕的世界,因為我們不確定能不能再回來。

  • People who are securely attached are said to have greater trust, can connect to others, and, as a result, are more successful in life.

    安全型依附的人據說較有信任感、可以與他人建立關係,因此在生活中更成功。

  • Insecurely attached people tend to mistrust others, lack social skills, and have problems forming relationships.

    不安全型依附的人往往缺乏信任感、社交技巧,有建立關係的障礙。

  • There is one type of secure attachment, and there are three types of insecure attachments:

    安全型依附只有一種類型,而不安全型依附可分為三種類型:

  • Anxious/ambivalent, anxious/avoidant, and anxious/disorganized.

    焦慮/矛盾的、焦慮/迴避和焦慮/混亂。

  • In responses to distress, the first three react organized, while the last acts disorganized.

    遇到麻煩時,前三者的反應行為較有條理,而後者的行為是混亂的。

  • To understand the theory better, let's look at Mr. and Mrs. Smith, who have four children, Luka, Ann, Joe, and Amy.

    為了更了解這個理論,我們以史密斯夫婦以及他們的四個孩子,盧卡、安、喬和艾米為例。

  • The Smiths are lovely parents who cuddle, make frequent eye contact, speak warmly, and are always there for their kids.

    史密斯夫婦是很棒的父母,常常擁抱孩子、凝視孩子、說話溫柔,並永遠為孩子著想。

  • But one day Mr Smith falls very sick and dies.

    但是有一天,史密斯先生病倒後死了。

  • For Mrs Smith, life now becomes very difficult.

    對史密斯夫人而言,生活變得非常困難。

  • She spends all day working, while at the same time trying to care for her childrenan impossible task.

    她整天都得工作,同時還試著要照顧孩子,這是不可能的任務。

  • At six years of age, Luka's brain is, for the most part, developed, his character strong and his worldview shaped.

    盧卡在六歲這個年齡,他的大腦已經大致發育成熟,他的性格鮮明,世界觀也已形成。

  • The new situation does not affect him much.

    所以新的狀態對他影響不大。

  • He knows there is still always mum, his safe haven.

    他知道媽媽永遠都在,是他的避風港。

  • He feels securely attached.

    他很有安全感。

  • Later, he turns into a trusting and optimistic young man.

    後來他變成一個信任他人、樂觀的年輕人。

  • His self image is positive.

    他的自我形像是正面的。

  • Ann, who is three, has problems coping with the new lack of attention.

    3歲的安,不能適應現狀這種全新的、缺乏關注的情況。

  • To Ann, her mother now acts unpredictably.

    對於安來說,現在她媽媽的行為古怪難測?

  • She is anxious about their relationship, and, as a result, becomes clingy.

    她對他們的關係感到焦慮,因此變得很黏媽媽。

  • To get her mum's attention, she has to raise her emotional state and scream.

    為了引起媽媽的注意,她必須放大她的情緒並尖叫。

  • When her mum finally reacts with a predictable response, she herself acts ambivalent and doesn't show her true feelings.

    當媽媽終於做出可預測的反應時,她卻矛盾地沒有表現出她的真實感受。

  • Later in life, others think Ann is unpredictable or moody.

    後來,其他人認為安捉摸不定、喜怒無常。

  • Her self image is less positive.

    她的自我形像沒有那麼正面。

  • Her attachment style is anxious/ambivalent.

    她屬於焦慮矛盾依附。

  • Two-year-old Joe, spends his days with his uncle who loves him but thinks that a good education means being strict.

    兩歲的喬,常和叔叔在一起,叔叔愛他,但認為嚴格管教才是良好的教育。

  • If little Joe shows too much emotion or is too loud, his uncle gets angry and sometimes punitive.

    如果喬表現出太多情緒或太大聲,叔叔會生氣,有時候也會懲罰喬。

  • This scares Joe.

    這讓喬很害怕。

  • He learns that, to avoid fear, he has to avoid showing his feelingsalso in other situations.

    他學會隱藏情緒以避免恐懼 -- 在其他情況下也是如此。

  • As an adult, he continues this strategy and has problems entering relationships.

    長大成年後,他維持一貫的作風,並難以進入一段感情。

  • His image of himself is rather negative.

    他的自我形象較負面。

  • His attachment is anxious/avoidant.

    他屬於焦慮迴避依附。

  • Amy, who is just one year old, gets sent to a nursery.

    艾米,只有一歲,被送到托兒所。

  • The staff there is poorly trained, overworked, and often very stressed.

    那裡的工作人員訓練不足、工作過度,經常壓力很大。

  • Some are outright abusive.

    有些還會直接惡言相向。

  • Amy, therefore, becomes anxious of the very people she seeks security from,

    因此艾米對她尋求安全感的人感到焦慮不安。

  • a conflict which totally disorganizes her ideas about love and safety.

    這種矛盾徹底打亂了她對愛和安全感的看法。

  • As she is experiencing fear without resolution, she tries to avoid all social situations.

    因為她經歷無法解決的恐懼,她試圖避免所有社交場合。

  • As an adult, she thinks of herself as unworthy of love.

    長大成人後,她認為自己不值得愛。

  • Her self image is very negative.

    她的自我形象非常負面。

  • Her attachment is anxious/disorganized.

    她屬於焦慮混亂依附。

  • Our attachment is formed in the very first years of our lives, a time when we are too young to communicate our anxiety, and, as a result, can experience high levels of stress.

    我們的依附型態是在生命最初幾年形成的,那時我們還太小,不會表達自己的焦慮,因此可能承受高度壓力。

  • Then, our adrenal gland, an organ sitting on top of our kidneys, produces the stress hormones, adrenaline and cortisol.

    然後我們的腎上腺,也就是在我們腎臟上方的器官,產生壓力荷爾蒙腎上腺素和皮質醇。

  • The heart rate increases, the blood pressure goes up, and we become alert.

    這使心跳加快,血壓上升,讓我們變得警覺。

  • If that happens frequently, it is called "toxic stress".

    如果這種情況經常發生,則稱為「毒性壓力」。

  • Toxic, because it impairs the development of a child's brain and weakens the immune system.

    毒性,是因為它會損害孩子大腦的發展,並削弱免疫系統。

  • In embryos or at a very young age, toxic stress can even switch the expressions of genes, which can affect our health many decades later.

    在胚胎中或在很小的時候,毒性壓力甚至可以改變基因表達,並可能在幾十年後影響我們的健康。

  • By simulating a Strange Situation, we can assess an attachment style, already by the age of 1.

    透過著名的"陌生人實驗",我們就可以在一歲以前評估他們的依附風格。

  • To do this, we let the child play with their mothers for a few minutes inside a room.

    要做到這一點,我們讓孩子玩,同時他們的 媽媽在一個房間待了幾分鐘。

  • Then the child is left alone.

    然後孩子獨自一人。

  • The key moment is the child's reaction when her mother returns.

    關鍵時刻是她媽媽回來時,孩子的反應 。

  • Securely attached children first usually hug their mother...

    安全依附的孩子通常會擁抱 他們的母親,

  • Then can calm down and eventually get back to playing.

    然後可以安靜下來,最後又回去遊戲。

  • Insecurely attached children can be ambivalent and avoidant.

    不安全依附的孩子中的 焦慮矛盾和焦慮迴避。

  • Some can't stop crying or refuse to continue playing.

    則較不能停止哭泣或拒絕繼續玩耍。

  • The long term effects of our attachment in the early years, are well documented.

    我們在早年的依附關係的長期影響,已有詳細記載。

  • Using the theory, researchers at Minnesota University were able to predict already at age 3, if a child would dropout of high school with 77 percent accuracy.

    利用該理論,明尼蘇達大學的研究人員已經能夠在3歲時做出預測,是否一個孩子會在高中輟學,準確率為77%。

  • In another study, undergraduates at Harvard were asked to assess how close they felt to their parents.

    在另一項研究中,哈佛大學的本科生被要求評估他們與父母的接近程度。

  • 35 years later, they were ask about their health.

    35年後,他們被問及他們的健康狀況。

  • 91% of those who said they had a rather broken relationship with their mother, were also diagnosed with health issues, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and alcoholism.

    91%的人表示他們與母親的關係相當破碎 ,也被診斷出有健康問題,包括冠狀動脈疾病,高血壓和酗酒。

  • For those that had reported a warm relationship, the figure of poor health diagnosis was just 45%.

    對於那些報告了有溫暖關係的人,健康不良診斷的數字僅為45%。

  • But there is another reason why the early years deserve special attention.

    但還有另一個原因 為什麼早年值得特別關注。

  • They are the starting place for subsequent behaviors.

    他們是後續行為的起點。

  • A kid that feels securely attached at age 2, can make friends at kindergarten.

    一個在 2 歲時感覺安全的孩子,

  • Their worldview gets reinforced with every interaction and they develop optimism.

    每次互動都會加強他們的世界觀,並發展他們的樂觀。

  • As a result they make good relationships at school, then at college, and later at work.

    結果他們在學校建立了良好的關係,然後也能延續這樣的模式,和同學互動,以及在未來工作中。

  • Highly insecurely attached children can miss out on this opportunity.

    高沒安全感又依附著父母的兒童們就錯過了這個機會。

  • Psychologist John Bowlby, a pioneer in attachment theory, allegedly said...

    據稱,依附理論先驅心理學家 John Bowlby說:

  • "What cannot be communicated to the mother, cannot be communicated to the self.".

    「無法傳達給母親的,也無法傳達給自己。」

  • In other words: those who feel insecurely attached, might not quite understand themselves.

    換句話說:那些感到沒安全感的人,可能不太了解自己。

  • To get to know who they are and what they feel, they might have to go way back in time.

    要了解他們是誰以及他們的感受,可能不得不探索早年的因素。

The attachment theory argues that a strong emotional and physical bond to one primary caregiver in our first years of life is critical to our development.

依附理論主張在我們生命最初幾年,和主要照顧者建立強烈情感和身體接觸,對我們的發展至關重要。

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