Name: 為什麼巴黎大拱門的大理石板開始脫落？| 巨大的工程錯誤 (Why The Marble Panels Of The Grand Arch in Paris Started To Fall Out? | Massive Engineering Mistakes)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:44:02.000Z
Duration: 7 min 48 s
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now to France for a mega structure mess up on a truly monumental scale.

關係子句

This'll particular Arch wasn't so trump Paris, France, a city that's renowned for its art, culture, astronomy and, of course, its architecture.

When you think of Paris, you think of the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, the octo tree off.

But there is another landmark that's more modern but Justus Iconic.

Seen as a modern interpretation of the Arc de Triomphe, radical ground arch Della Defense is a monument to the 20th century.

In 1982 a great national design competition was launched by French President Francois Mitterrand, Danish architect Johan Otto von Spreckels and won the commission with his design chosen for its strength and simplicity.

Standing more than 100 meters high ground arch is a cube within a cube designed to make an impact in the three dimensional world.

Robert Leon chaired the committee in selecting the winning design way.

It's sort of a crown on the business district and also from Paris.

It's the horizontal line in the landscape where you have only vertical.

Mitterrand wanted a landmark building toe honor his presidency.

Rather than celebrate France's military victories, the ground arch stands as a monument to humanitarian ideals and arch with four equal sides.

This ambitious structure houses government offices within the two legs, while the roof section serves as an exhibition center and museum.

It's an iconic feature on a significant route laid down in the 18th century.

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Constructed around a concrete and steel frame, the monument is topped by a vast 10,000 square meter roof supported by concrete beams.

Exterior walls are covered by 2800 opaque glass panels and 350,000 great white marble sheets engineered to be thin, light and reflective bombs.

Breck Elson specifically chose polished white Carrera marble to clad the East and West facades selected for its purity and reflectivity.

The white Italian marble would catch the sun as it passed from sunrise to sunset, but Vaughn spread Coulson's use of marble didn't come without controversy.

Critics warn that it wasn't suitable for the Parisians climate.

As historian Bernard Tooley Air explains, Take it down.

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After various disputes, Vaughn spread Coulson left the project sadly, he died in 1987 two years before his iconic design was completed.

Work on the arch continued to meet the construction deadline of July 14th 1989 a date set to coincide with the bicentennial of the French Revolution.

But while the ground arch was certainly an iconic structure, unlike its neighbor the Arc de Triomphe, this newcomer was not designed to withstand the test of time.

In fact, this monument to the modern age was about to take a dramatic fall from grace.

In 2010 on Lee, 21 years after its unveiling, the controversial white Carrera marble tiles were showing signs of fatigue, leaving the ground arch in urgent need of repair.

Stone has long been used in the construction of buildings and monuments and known for its durability.

These giant lumps famously stand up to the ravages of time.

But Vaughn spread Coulson's decision to use Italian marble was, in fact, the building's downfall.

Thin marble cladding was no match for the Parisians climate.

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The white marble, which covered the east and west of the arch, developed serious defects cut into tiles about four centimeters thick.

The marble panels absorb water and began to bulge, with changes in temperature threatening to fall off their mounts in a process called granular de bonding.

Can you imagine being hit by a falling marble slab?

Mitterrand's vision had become an embarrassment, and in 2012 with 60 loose panels identified, the decision was made to replace the marble before any panels fell off.

A survey of the arch found the one in six of the tiles was loose.

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Granite, known for its durability, was chosen as a suitable and sustainable replacement with properties deemed to be risk free and fit for purpose in the Parisienne.

Climate to respect Architect of on Spreckels Son's vision Contractors sourced Bethel white granite from the U.

 It's very clean, very neat, and I'm very confident it will help the monument to last over centuries. 