Name: 單光子干擾 (Single Photon Interference)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:26:23.000Z
Duration: 6 min
Description: 【看影片學英語】數萬部 YouTube 影片，搭配英漢字典即點即查，輕鬆掌握單字發音與用法，長久累積看電影不必再看字幕。

情態副詞

Previously on very tasi, um, we saw how our understanding of light has changed over the centuries.

In the late 16 hundreds, Huygens proposed that light was a type of wave, while Newton considered it a stream of particles.

This debate appeared to be settled in 18 01 by Young's double slit experiment, which showed light passing through two slits produced patterns like water waves.

But by 1900 it was clear that light energy was not evenly distributed as expected for a wave.

Rather on the smallest scales, it comes in lumps called quanta or foe tones.

So the question is, How does this affect the double slit experiment?

Here I have a more contained double slit experiment where there is a laser which fires a beam through a single slip, then threw a double slit and onto a screen where you can see a well defined interference pattern.

There's a series of bright and dark bands what you're much easier to observe than when I use sunlight, because with only one wavelength, there are no other colors involved.

This is what a graph of intensity versus position would look like for the interference pattern.

The light from each slit has to travel the same distance to reach that point, and hence both waves arrive in phase.

That means crest with crests and trust with troughs so they add together and create an interference maximum a bright spot.

But if you look slightly to the left, there's a dark spot Now.

That's because light from one slip has to travel on an angle, and it has to travel an extra half a wavelength compared to the light from the other slip, which means when this light is arriving as a crest, the light from the other slip is arriving as a trough, and so they cancel each other out.

But if you go further left, you see another bright spot, because now the light from one of the slits has to travel a full extra wavelength compared to the light from the other slip.

And so again they arrive in phase crest with crests and troughs, with troughs creating constructive interference.

And so we see a bright spot of life, and that's how the whole pattern is created.

But what if I decreased the intensity so much that there wasn't a whole wave of light going through there.

There were only single photons then how could they interfere with each other?

Because there's only one in the device at any one time.

So would we still see an interference pattern?

In order to make this work, I had to line up a very faint source and to see where the light was going.

I had to shroud my head in that black clock.

You can see up here I have a frequency counter, which actually counts the number of photons received per second at the detector.

The detector is a photo multiplier tube, which is capable of detecting single photons.

It's like a very sensitive I like the frog's eye now.

Right now, there's no light passing through to the detector, but there is still bit of a background reading, and that's because I can't block all the light out of there, plus their cosmic rays passing through this room, which will also set off the detector.

I'm plotting a graph of the number of photons counted as a function of position across the detector.

If you have a look after one second, the distribution seems random.

There doesn't seem to be any pattern in the arrangement of those photons as they hit the detector.

So maybe it's true a single photon can't interfere with itself because it's just a localized point has to go through one slit or the other.

But just to be sure, let's add up the results over a period of time and see if any pattern in mergers look at that.

You can clearly see the same interference pattern that we got when we were sending tons of photons through, but we're getting it out of single photons were counting out individual photons, and that pattern is emerging as we aggregate the results over time.

How could a single photons pass through both slits?

Well, if we try to interpret these results in terms of the objects we experience every day, they don't make any sense.

A photon is something different to a macroscopic object.

It's not a wave, and it's not a particle.

It's a quantum mechanical object, and sometimes it seems like it has properties of a wave, and sometimes it seems like it has properties of a particle, but ultimately it is something totally different to anything we've experienced before, and that's what makes this seem so counterintuitive.

Now, if you want, you could call it away vehicle.

But by the ripples from the two sources interacting with each other, where they meet up peaks with peaks and troughs with troughs, the amplitude of the wave is increased.

That's we call constructive interference.

But if the peak from one wave meets up with at the end of the last video, I asked, why is it that the interference pattern is made by blobs rather than thin lines of light?

As it was in this experiment, and in the comments I saw, too common answers.

One was that the blobs were images of the son, and the other answer was that it was due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

So it's true Heisenberg's uncertainty principle would be involved in that light.

Passing through each slit would spread out.

But the reason we actually saw blobs was because they were images of the sun.

So if the sunlight comes through one slit, it diffraction out and would spread out onto the bottom of the box, and light from the other slip would do exactly the same.

And where those two spreads overlap is where we saw the three main blobs.

So there's a diffraction maximum created by one slit and another diffraction maximum created by the other slit and those two overlap.

 But due to the light being in different phases, it cancels out in certain positions, creating those separate images of the sun. 